Interplay Between the Gut Microbiome and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes.
- 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.
- 2Bio-Core Facility Center for Personalized Cell and Immune Therapy, Catholic Medical Center, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.
- 3Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 442-723, Republic of Korea.
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) develops when pancreatic beta cells progressively fail to compensate for insulin resistance in a host environment shaped by diet, adiposity, aging, medications, and genetics. Gut microbial dysbiosis and oxidative stress are often treated as parallel abnormalities; however, evidence increasingly supports a bidirectional microbiome-redox axis. Reduced butyrate production, altered bile-acid and amino-acid metabolism, intestinal barrier failure, and microbial products can promote mitochondrial dysfunction, NADPH oxidase activity, inflammation, and impaired insulin signaling. Conversely, hyperglycemia, lipotoxicity, inflammation, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species remodel the intestinal habitat, favoring inflammation-adapted organisms and reinforcing dysbiosis. This review synthesizes evidence linking this circuit to insulin-responsive tissues, pancreatic islets, regulated cell death, and diabetic complications and critically examines dietary, microbiome-directed, antioxidant, glucose-lowering, and metabolic-surgical interventions. Human evidence is strongest for reproducible functional shifts, medication-microbiome interactions, and modest benefits of selected dietary and biotic interventions, whereas redox mediation and durable clinical efficacy remain heterogeneous. Future studies should integrate longitudinal metagenomics, metabolomics, validated redox biomarkers, strain-level and spatial sampling, and causal designs to identify patients with T2D most likely to benefit from microbiome-redox precision therapy.
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BibTeX
@article{kim2026interplay,
title = {{Interplay Between the Gut Microbiome and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes.}},
author = {Ji-Won Kim and Ye-Jee Lee and Kyuho Kim and Seung-Hyun Ko},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/antiox15101278},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939852},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Interplay Between the Gut Microbiome and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes.
AU - Ji-Won Kim
AU - Ye-Jee Lee
AU - Kyuho Kim
AU - Seung-Hyun Ko
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/02
JO - Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/antiox15101278
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939852
AB - Type 2 diabetes (T2D) develops when pancreatic beta cells progressively fail to compensate for insulin resistance in a host environment shaped by diet, adiposity, aging, medications, and genetics. Gut microbial dysbiosis and oxidative stress are often treated as parallel abnormalities; however, evidence increasingly supports a bidirectional microbiome-redox axis. Reduced butyrate production, altered bile-acid and amino-acid metabolism, intestinal barrier failure, and microbial products can promote mitochondrial dysfunction, NADPH oxidase activity, inflammation, and impaired insulin signaling. Conversely, hyperglycemia, lipotoxicity, inflammation, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species remodel the intestinal habitat, favoring inflammation-adapted organisms and reinforcing dysbiosis. This review synthesizes evidence linking this circuit to insulin-responsive tissues, pancreatic islets, regulated cell death, and diabetic complications and critically examines dietary, microbiome-directed, antioxidant, glucose-lowering, and metabolic-surgical interventions. Human evidence is strongest for reproducible functional shifts, medication-microbiome interactions, and modest benefits of selected dietary and biotic interventions, whereas redox mediation and durable clinical efficacy remain heterogeneous. Future studies should integrate longitudinal metagenomics, metabolomics, validated redox biomarkers, strain-level and spatial sampling, and causal designs to identify patients with T2D most likely to benefit from microbiome-redox precision therapy.
SN - 2076-3921
ER -