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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0PLOS One

Respiratory viral and bacterial co-infections in adults in acute care: A multiplex PCR-based study

  • Elina Saarela1
  • Marjo Renko2
  • Matti Uhari3
  • Tytti Pokka4
  • Heikki Kauma5
  • Terhi Ruuska-Loewald
5 affiliations
  1. 1Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
  2. 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
  3. 3Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  4. 4Research Service Unit, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
  5. 5Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Abstract

Background: Data on the clinical significance of viral-bacterial co-detection by molecular methods in adults is limited. We aimed to determine how often respiratory viruses and bacteria are co-detected in acutely ill adults and whether co-detection is associated with worse clinical outcomes than detection of a virus or bacterium alone. Method: We prospectively enrolled 998 adult patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms of respiratory infection, fever, chest pain, or poor general condition. Nasal swab samples were taken at entry and analysed by multiplex PCR for 16 respiratory viruses. PCR for 7 bacterial pathogens was performed later on 912 frozen-thawed samples. Medical records were reviewed for the clinical outcomes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the differences in CRP and age between detection groups. The risk of major outcomes was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Both viral and bacterial PCR were positive in 36 of 912 patients (4%). The most common virus in the Co-detection group was rhinovirus (21/36, 58%) and the most common bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (20/36, 56%). The patients in the Co-detection group were younger than those in the Sole bacteria group, who in turn were younger than those in the Sole virus group. Relative to the Negative group, the risk of pneumonia was highest in the Sole bacteria group (aOR 3.53, p < 0.01) and lower, though still elevated, in the Co-detection group (aOR 2.36, p = 0.03). The risk for antibiotic treatment during 30-day follow-up was greatest in the Co-detection group (aOR 4.42), followed by the Sole bacteria (aOR 2.40) and Sole virus (aOR 2.15) groups (all p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups in the risk of death or ICU care. Conclusion: Viral and bacterial co-detection was rare in acutely ill adults. Although co-detection was associated with the highest risk of antibiotic treatment, it did not carry the highest risk of pneumonia and was not associated with death or ICU admission. Routine use of multiplex PCR for detecting respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens is therefore unlikely to add clinical value in this population. Larger cohorts powered for severe outcomes and real-time result reporting, are needed to determine whether respiratory viral bacterial testing can meaningfully guide clinical management.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{saarela2026respiratory,
  title = {{Respiratory viral and bacterial co-infections in adults in acute care: A multiplex PCR-based study}},
  author = {Elina Saarela and Marjo Renko and Matti Uhari and Tytti Pokka and Heikki Kauma and Terhi Ruuska-Loewald},
  journal = {PLOS One},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0358841},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358841},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Respiratory viral and bacterial co-infections in adults in acute care: A multiplex PCR-based study
AU  - Elina Saarela
AU  - Marjo Renko
AU  - Matti Uhari
AU  - Tytti Pokka
AU  - Heikki Kauma
AU  - Terhi Ruuska-Loewald
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/25
JO  - PLOS One
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0358841
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358841
AB  - Background: Data on the clinical significance of viral-bacterial co-detection by molecular methods in adults is limited. We aimed to determine how often respiratory viruses and bacteria are co-detected in acutely ill adults and whether co-detection is associated with worse clinical outcomes than detection of a virus or bacterium alone. Method: We prospectively enrolled 998 adult patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms of respiratory infection, fever, chest pain, or poor general condition. Nasal swab samples were taken at entry and analysed by multiplex PCR for 16 respiratory viruses. PCR for 7 bacterial pathogens was performed later on 912 frozen-thawed samples. Medical records were reviewed for the clinical outcomes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the differences in CRP and age between detection groups. The risk of major outcomes was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Both viral and bacterial PCR were positive in 36 of 912 patients (4%). The most common virus in the Co-detection group was rhinovirus (21/36, 58%) and the most common bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (20/36, 56%). The patients in the Co-detection group were younger than those in the Sole bacteria group, who in turn were younger than those in the Sole virus group. Relative to the Negative group, the risk of pneumonia was highest in the Sole bacteria group (aOR 3.53, p < 0.01) and lower, though still elevated, in the Co-detection group (aOR 2.36, p = 0.03). The risk for antibiotic treatment during 30-day follow-up was greatest in the Co-detection group (aOR 4.42), followed by the Sole bacteria (aOR 2.40) and Sole virus (aOR 2.15) groups (all p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups in the risk of death or ICU care. Conclusion: Viral and bacterial co-detection was rare in acutely ill adults. Although co-detection was associated with the highest risk of antibiotic treatment, it did not carry the highest risk of pneumonia and was not associated with death or ICU admission. Routine use of multiplex PCR for detecting respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens is therefore unlikely to add clinical value in this population. Larger cohorts powered for severe outcomes and real-time result reporting, are needed to determine whether respiratory viral bacterial testing can meaningfully guide clinical management.
SN  - 1932-6203
ER  -