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Peer-reviewedCC BYBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics

PGR5 is needed for regulation of ATP synthase in plant chloroplasts

  • Lauri Nikkanen1
  • Laura T. Wey1
  • Russell Woodford2
  • Henna Mustila1
  • Darius Kosmützky
  • Maria Ermakova2
  • Eevi Rintamäki3
  • Yagut Allahverdiyeva1
  1. 1University of Turku;
  2. 2Monash University;
  3. 3Turun yliopisto
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Abstract

The regulation of proton motive force ( pmf ) via ATP synthase activity is a critical mechanism by which photosynthetic organisms maintain redox homeostasis and activate photoprotective responses under fluctuating light conditions. Here, we used time-resolved electrochromic shift (ECS) measurements to investigate pmf dynamics across a range of photosynthetic organisms. Our results reveal that ATP synthase is dynamically regulated during light fluctuations, but in Arabidopsis thaliana could this regulation could not be explained by the known light-induced reduction of the CF□γ subunit, suggesting alternative control mechanisms. The PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5) protein, previously proposed to facilitate cyclic electron transport (CET), also has a potential role in ATP synthase regulation. The physiological role of cyanobacterial Pgr5 has remained elusive. We characterised a Δ pgr5 mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and investigated pmf dynamics in pgr5 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , Arabidopsis, and the C4 grass Setaria viridis . While PGR5 was not required for CET in Synechocystis , it was needed for downregulating ATP synthase under high irradiance in all tested organisms via a thiol redox state dependent mechanism. Furthermore, interaction between AtPGR5 and AtCF□γ suggests that PGR5 functions as a conserved inhibitor of ATP synthase under high light, contributing to pmf retention and photoprotection. Highlight PGR5 is involved in regulation of ATP synthase in fluctuating light conditions across photosynthetic organisms in a manner that depends on the thiol redox state of the chloroplast or cell.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{nikkanen2026pgr5,
  title = {{PGR5 is needed for regulation of ATP synthase in plant chloroplasts}},
  author = {Lauri Nikkanen and Laura T. Wey and Russell Woodford and Henna Mustila and Darius Kosmützky and Maria Ermakova and Eevi Rintamäki and Yagut Allahverdiyeva},
  journal = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics},
  year = {2026},
  month = may,
  doi = {10.1016/j.bbabio.2026.149596},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2026.149596},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - PGR5 is needed for regulation of ATP synthase in plant chloroplasts
AU  - Lauri Nikkanen
AU  - Laura T. Wey
AU  - Russell Woodford
AU  - Henna Mustila
AU  - Darius Kosmützky
AU  - Maria Ermakova
AU  - Eevi Rintamäki
AU  - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/05/29
JO  - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
DO  - 10.1016/j.bbabio.2026.149596
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2026.149596
AB  - The regulation of proton motive force ( pmf ) via ATP synthase activity is a critical mechanism by which photosynthetic organisms maintain redox homeostasis and activate photoprotective responses under fluctuating light conditions. Here, we used time-resolved electrochromic shift (ECS) measurements to investigate pmf dynamics across a range of photosynthetic organisms. Our results reveal that ATP synthase is dynamically regulated during light fluctuations, but in Arabidopsis thaliana could this regulation could not be explained by the known light-induced reduction of the CF□γ subunit, suggesting alternative control mechanisms. The PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5) protein, previously proposed to facilitate cyclic electron transport (CET), also has a potential role in ATP synthase regulation. The physiological role of cyanobacterial Pgr5 has remained elusive. We characterised a Δ pgr5 mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and investigated pmf dynamics in pgr5 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , Arabidopsis, and the C4 grass Setaria viridis . While PGR5 was not required for CET in Synechocystis , it was needed for downregulating ATP synthase under high irradiance in all tested organisms via a thiol redox state dependent mechanism. Furthermore, interaction between AtPGR5 and AtCF□γ suggests that PGR5 functions as a conserved inhibitor of ATP synthase under high light, contributing to pmf retention and photoprotection. Highlight PGR5 is involved in regulation of ATP synthase in fluctuating light conditions across photosynthetic organisms in a manner that depends on the thiol redox state of the chloroplast or cell.
SN  - 0005-2728
SN  - 1879-2650
ER  -