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Peer-reviewedCC BYPLOS One

Prevalence of self-reported dry eye symptoms after refractive surgery among Saudi adults: A cross-sectional survey

  • Mahmood J Showail1,2
  • Abubakr S Alzwaihri3
  • Eid A Almasoudi4
  • Hassan A Ahmed5
  • Mohammed K Alghamdi6
  • Mohammed A Taha7
  • Waseem A Aalam8
8 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  2. 2Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  3. 3Department of Ophthalmology, Jeddah Eye Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  4. 4Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Mouwasat Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
  5. 5Department of Orthopedic, King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
  6. 6Department of Dermatology, King Fahad hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  7. 7King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  8. 8Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract

Refractive surgery corrects vision using different corneal techniques; however, dry eye disease (DED) is one of its commonest side effects. This descriptive survey questionnaire-based study aimed to evaluate prevalence and factors associated with dry eye symptoms after refractive surgery among survey respondents using ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire in Saudi Arabia. Four hundred and thirty nine participants were included. Dry eye OSDI scores compared across different epidemiological risk factors, focusing on refractive surgery type and postoperative duration. Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or Femtosecond (FS)-LASIK, and small incision lenticule extraction procedures were performed on 201 (45.79%), 222 (50.56%), and 16 (3.65%) participants, respectively. According to OSDI scores, 391 participants (89.1%) had dry eye symptoms after surgery, with 69.5% classified as severe, 11.4% as moderate, 8.2% as mild, and only 10.9% as normal. Insignificant gender differences were observed; however, OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms prevalence was lower in Eastern Province and in participants with longer post-surgery durations. Participants who underwent PRK reported higher prevalence of OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms versus those underwent LASIK/FS-LASIK. In conclusion, Self-reported OSDI-defined DED were common after refractive surgery, especially after PRK. Females and early post-surgery patients have more severe OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms. Living in a humid area (Eastern Province) may reduce risk of OSDI-defined DED post-surgery.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{showail2026prevalence,
  title = {{Prevalence of self-reported dry eye symptoms after refractive surgery among Saudi adults: A cross-sectional survey}},
  author = {Mahmood J Showail and Abubakr S Alzwaihri and Eid A Almasoudi and Hassan A Ahmed and Mohammed K Alghamdi and Mohammed A Taha and Waseem A Aalam},
  journal = {PLOS One},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0361098},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361098},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Prevalence of self-reported dry eye symptoms after refractive surgery among Saudi adults: A cross-sectional survey
AU  - Mahmood J Showail
AU  - Abubakr S Alzwaihri
AU  - Eid A Almasoudi
AU  - Hassan A Ahmed
AU  - Mohammed K Alghamdi
AU  - Mohammed A Taha
AU  - Waseem A Aalam
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/29
JO  - PLOS One
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0361098
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361098
AB  - Refractive surgery corrects vision using different corneal techniques; however, dry eye disease (DED) is one of its commonest side effects. This descriptive survey questionnaire-based study aimed to evaluate prevalence and factors associated with dry eye symptoms after refractive surgery among survey respondents using ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire in Saudi Arabia. Four hundred and thirty nine participants were included. Dry eye OSDI scores compared across different epidemiological risk factors, focusing on refractive surgery type and postoperative duration. Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or Femtosecond (FS)-LASIK, and small incision lenticule extraction procedures were performed on 201 (45.79%), 222 (50.56%), and 16 (3.65%) participants, respectively. According to OSDI scores, 391 participants (89.1%) had dry eye symptoms after surgery, with 69.5% classified as severe, 11.4% as moderate, 8.2% as mild, and only 10.9% as normal. Insignificant gender differences were observed; however, OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms prevalence was lower in Eastern Province and in participants with longer post-surgery durations. Participants who underwent PRK reported higher prevalence of OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms versus those underwent LASIK/FS-LASIK. In conclusion, Self-reported OSDI-defined DED were common after refractive surgery, especially after PRK. Females and early post-surgery patients have more severe OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms. Living in a humid area (Eastern Province) may reduce risk of OSDI-defined DED post-surgery.
SN  - 1932-6203
ER  -