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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Catalysts

S-Scheme Carbon-Doped C3N5/NiAl-LDH Heterojunction for Visible-Light-Driven Ciprofloxacin Oxidation and Cr(VI) Reduction

  • Meilan Li1,2,3
  • Wei Gong1,2,3
  • Qiang Xie1,2
  • Jiale Wan1,2
  • Chenghui Pei1,2
  • Yutong Sun1,2
  • Guochun Zhang1,2
  1. 1Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Tailings Resources, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
  2. 2Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Mineral Resources Clean & Efficient Conversion and New Materials, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
  3. 3Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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Abstract

The coexistence of antibiotics and heavy metals in water requires materials that can oxidize and reduce two chemically distinct pollutants at the same time. Here, we show that carbon doping and heterointerface engineering act cooperatively in a carbon-doped C3N5/NiAl-LDH (CHL) heterojunction to meet this challenge under visible light. Carbon incorporation narrows the bandgap of C3N5 from 2.21 to 1.92 eV, but more importantly raises its Fermi level relative to NiAl-LDH, so that electron transfer across the intimate interface builds an internal electric field that drives an S-scheme, rather than a type-II, pathway, preserving the strongly reducing electrons of C-C3N5 and the strongly oxidizing holes of NiAl-LDH. The optimized 40 wt% composite (CHL-2) degrades 80.8% of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and reduces 78.3% of Cr(VI) within 150 min, with apparent rate constants 2.04 and 2.67 times those of pristine C3N5. ·O2− and h+ dominate CIP oxidation, whereas ·O2− and e− govern Cr(VI) reduction; in the binary system, CIP and Cr(VI) act as complementary electron donor and acceptor, raising both efficiencies to about 83%. CHL-2 retains more than 70% of its activity over five cycles and remains effective in river water, lake water and domestic wastewater. To our knowledge, this is the first S-scheme C-C3N5/NiAl-LDH system applied to the simultaneous oxidation of CIP and reduction of Cr(VI), and it shows that carbon doping and interfacial electronic coupling reinforce rather than merely accompany each other, although practical deployment still requires further validation of scalability and long-term performance.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{li2026sscheme,
  title = {{S-Scheme Carbon-Doped C3N5/NiAl-LDH Heterojunction for Visible-Light-Driven Ciprofloxacin Oxidation and Cr(VI) Reduction}},
  author = {Meilan Li and Wei Gong and Qiang Xie and Jiale Wan and Chenghui Pei and Yutong Sun and Guochun Zhang},
  journal = {Catalysts},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/catal16110957},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/11/957},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - S-Scheme Carbon-Doped C3N5/NiAl-LDH Heterojunction for Visible-Light-Driven Ciprofloxacin Oxidation and Cr(VI) Reduction
AU  - Meilan Li
AU  - Wei Gong
AU  - Qiang Xie
AU  - Jiale Wan
AU  - Chenghui Pei
AU  - Yutong Sun
AU  - Guochun Zhang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/28
JO  - Catalysts
DO  - 10.3390/catal16110957
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/11/957
AB  - The coexistence of antibiotics and heavy metals in water requires materials that can oxidize and reduce two chemically distinct pollutants at the same time. Here, we show that carbon doping and heterointerface engineering act cooperatively in a carbon-doped C3N5/NiAl-LDH (CHL) heterojunction to meet this challenge under visible light. Carbon incorporation narrows the bandgap of C3N5 from 2.21 to 1.92 eV, but more importantly raises its Fermi level relative to NiAl-LDH, so that electron transfer across the intimate interface builds an internal electric field that drives an S-scheme, rather than a type-II, pathway, preserving the strongly reducing electrons of C-C3N5 and the strongly oxidizing holes of NiAl-LDH. The optimized 40 wt% composite (CHL-2) degrades 80.8% of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and reduces 78.3% of Cr(VI) within 150 min, with apparent rate constants 2.04 and 2.67 times those of pristine C3N5. ·O2− and h+ dominate CIP oxidation, whereas ·O2− and e− govern Cr(VI) reduction; in the binary system, CIP and Cr(VI) act as complementary electron donor and acceptor, raising both efficiencies to about 83%. CHL-2 retains more than 70% of its activity over five cycles and remains effective in river water, lake water and domestic wastewater. To our knowledge, this is the first S-scheme C-C3N5/NiAl-LDH system applied to the simultaneous oxidation of CIP and reduction of Cr(VI), and it shows that carbon doping and interfacial electronic coupling reinforce rather than merely accompany each other, although practical deployment still requires further validation of scalability and long-term performance.
SN  - 2073-4344
ER  -