Lichenoid and Granulomatous Stomatitis: Three Additional Cases and Detailed Immunohistochemical Analysis
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Diagnosis and Surgery São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry Araraquara SP Brazil
- 2Department of Dentistry, Clinical Stomatology Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys Diamantina MG Brazil
- 3Oral Pathology, Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health, and Forensic Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School (FORP/USP) University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- 4Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP/USP) University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- 5Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry Autonomous University of the State of Mexico Toluca Mexico
- 6Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery State University of Northern Paraná (UENP) Jacarezinho PR Brazil
Abstract
Background: Lichenoid and granulomatous stomatitis (LGS) is a rare condition, with clinicopathological features resembling lichenoid and granulomatous dermatitis. Despite increasing reports, its etiology remains unclear and detailed immunohistochemical (IHC) studies are lacking.
Methods: We analyzed three new LGS cases, comparatively assessed with six cases each of oral lichen planus (OLP), oral lichenoid lesion (OLL), and oral leukoplakia (OL) showing lichenoid infiltrate. Histopathologic patterns were classified using the modified Magro & Crowson system, and IHC analysis included lymphocyte subsets, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's post hoc test.
Results: All LGS cases showed lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, microgranulomas, and perivascular/perineural lymphohistiocytic aggregates. IHC analysis revealed that LGS showed a significantly larger amount of macrophages (CD11c+/CD68+/CD163+) indicating M1/M2 equilibrium, CD3+ and CD8+ T‐cells, FOXP3+ regulatory T‐cells, and submucosal dendritic cells (FXIIIA+/CD209+) when compared to OLP/OLL/OL. Langerhans cells (CD1a+/CD207+) were similarly observed, whereas CD20+ B‐cells were scarce.
Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive IHC analysis of LGS, highlighting distinctive macrophage, T‐cell, and dendritic cell profiles. These findings contribute to understanding LGS pathogenesis, support its diagnostic distinction, and suggest potential immunotherapeutic targets.
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BibTeX
@article{palacon2026lichenoid,
title = {{Lichenoid and Granulomatous Stomatitis: Three Additional Cases and Detailed Immunohistochemical Analysis}},
author = {Mariana Paravani Palaçon and Karina Kendelhy Santos and Karina Helen Martins and Cecília Aparecida de Oliveira Campos and Ana Terezinha Marques Mesquita and Evânio Vilela Silva and Thales Peres Candido Moreira and Gabriel Enrique Tantalean Laor and Victor Hugo Toral‐Rizo and Alan Grupioni Lourenço and Heitor Albergoni Silveira and Jorge Esquiche León and Andreia Bufalino},
journal = {Journal of Cutaneous Pathology},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
doi = {10.1111/cup.70183},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cup.70183},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Lichenoid and Granulomatous Stomatitis: Three Additional Cases and Detailed Immunohistochemical Analysis
AU - Mariana Paravani Palaçon
AU - Karina Kendelhy Santos
AU - Karina Helen Martins
AU - Cecília Aparecida de Oliveira Campos
AU - Ana Terezinha Marques Mesquita
AU - Evânio Vilela Silva
AU - Thales Peres Candido Moreira
AU - Gabriel Enrique Tantalean Laor
AU - Victor Hugo Toral‐Rizo
AU - Alan Grupioni Lourenço
AU - Heitor Albergoni Silveira
AU - Jorge Esquiche León
AU - Andreia Bufalino
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/25
JO - Journal of Cutaneous Pathology
DO - 10.1111/cup.70183
UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/cup.70183
AB - Background: Lichenoid and granulomatous stomatitis (LGS) is a rare condition, with clinicopathological features resembling lichenoid and granulomatous dermatitis. Despite increasing reports, its etiology remains unclear and detailed immunohistochemical (IHC) studies are lacking. Methods: We analyzed three new LGS cases, comparatively assessed with six cases each of oral lichen planus (OLP), oral lichenoid lesion (OLL), and oral leukoplakia (OL) showing lichenoid infiltrate. Histopathologic patterns were classified using the modified Magro & Crowson system, and IHC analysis included lymphocyte subsets, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's post hoc test. Results: All LGS cases showed lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, microgranulomas, and perivascular/perineural lymphohistiocytic aggregates. IHC analysis revealed that LGS showed a significantly larger amount of macrophages (CD11c+/CD68+/CD163+) indicating M1/M2 equilibrium, CD3+ and CD8+ T‐cells, FOXP3+ regulatory T‐cells, and submucosal dendritic cells (FXIIIA+/CD209+) when compared to OLP/OLL/OL. Langerhans cells (CD1a+/CD207+) were similarly observed, whereas CD20+ B‐cells were scarce. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive IHC analysis of LGS, highlighting distinctive macrophage, T‐cell, and dendritic cell profiles. These findings contribute to understanding LGS pathogenesis, support its diagnostic distinction, and suggest potential immunotherapeutic targets.
SN - 0303-6987
SN - 1600-0560
ER -