Skip to content
DraconiticResearch
Search Sources API
203,234 studies31 sourcesUpdated 24 min ago
PreprintCC BYChemRxiv

Extraction Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Critical Comparative Framework Integrating Sensitivity, Sustainability, and Analytical Trade-offs

  • Muhammad Bilal1,2
  • Mahnoor Saeed1,2
  • Ayela Akbar1,2
  • Haseeb Hassan1,2
  • Faisal Latif1,2
  • Muhammad Hasnain1,2
  • Muhammad Ali1,2
  • Raziya Nadeem1,2
  1. 1Department of Chemistry
  2. 2University of Agriculture
Open at sourcePDFDOICite

Abstract

Sample preparation, not instrumental detection, limits PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) quantification to current regulatory thresholds. This review covers 35 PFAS-specific extraction methods, including dispersive solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction (dSPE/SPME, n = 15), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME, n = 7), and magnetic particle-based extraction (MSPE/DSPE, n = 13). We assessed their performance, tested four established green metrics (AGREE, GAPI, Eco-Scale, and AGREEprep) against PFAS workflow demands, examined the role of automation in throughput and contamination control, and compared trade-offs across the three families. MSPE scored highest on reviewer-assigned green metrics (6.6 vs. 5.9 for the other two families), mostly because field separation and sorbent reuse cut solvent and energy use, not because individual methods were better optimized. Only 5 of the 35 methods reported a formal green metric, while the other 30 relied on narrative claims. None of the four major metrics accounts for sorbent synthesis energy, fluorinated internal standard production, or contamination-control infrastructure costs each PFAS method carries. We propose reporting the synthesis energy per extraction cycle as a fix that does not require a new framework. No single method leads to sensitivity, sustainability, scope, matrix tolerance, and throughput simultaneously; these trade-offs are structural. We close with a practical selection framework and case for a PFAS-specific green metric.

Related

  1. Decision Framework for Polymer Composite Linings in Trenchless Renewal: Integrating Materials Durability, Operational Performance, Application Quality, and Environmental Sustainability
    Parastou Kharazmi
    ChemRxivPreprintLicence not statedGeneral chemistryChemRxiv
  2. A Streamlined One-Pot Extraction Method Enables High-Sensitivity Top-Down Proteomic Characterization of Phospholamban from Biopsy-Scale Cardiac Tissue.
    Isabella R Clemmer, Holden T Rogers, Mallory C Wilson +5
    Journal of the American Society for Mass SpectrometryPeer-reviewedCC BYFull textPhysical chemistryEurope PMC
  3. Comparative Evaluation of Matrix- and Extraction-Dependent Phenolic Assay Responses in Selected Plant Materials
    Mateusz Sugajski, Jacek Gajewski, Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta +1
    MoleculesPeer-reviewedCC BY 4.0General chemistryCrossref
  4. Online Soil Column Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry for Studying Sorption of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Other Organic Contaminants
    Anh T. Ngoc Do, Nobuhide Fujitake, Satoshi Endo
    ChemRxivPreprintCC BY-NC-NDFull textEnvironmental chemistryChemRxiv
  5. Predicting Bioconcentration Factors and Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Plants with Machine Learning.
    Rui Li, Jiyoon Yi, Hui Li +1
    Environmental science & technologyPeer-reviewedCC BYFull text1 citedEnvironmental chemistryEurope PMC

Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{bilal2026extraction,
  title = {{Extraction Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Critical Comparative Framework Integrating Sensitivity, Sustainability, and Analytical Trade-offs}},
  author = {Muhammad Bilal and Mahnoor Saeed and Ayela Akbar and Haseeb Hassan and Faisal Latif and Muhammad Hasnain and Muhammad Ali and Raziya Nadeem},
  howpublished = {ChemRxiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.26434/chemrxiv.15008277/v1},
  url = {https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008277/v1},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Extraction Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Critical Comparative Framework Integrating Sensitivity, Sustainability, and Analytical Trade-offs
AU  - Muhammad Bilal
AU  - Mahnoor Saeed
AU  - Ayela Akbar
AU  - Haseeb Hassan
AU  - Faisal Latif
AU  - Muhammad Hasnain
AU  - Muhammad Ali
AU  - Raziya Nadeem
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/03
PB  - ChemRxiv
DO  - 10.26434/chemrxiv.15008277/v1
UR  - https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008277/v1
AB  - Sample preparation, not instrumental detection, limits PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) quantification to current regulatory thresholds. This review covers 35 PFAS-specific extraction methods, including dispersive solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction (dSPE/SPME, n = 15), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME, n = 7), and magnetic particle-based extraction (MSPE/DSPE, n = 13). We assessed their performance, tested four established green metrics (AGREE, GAPI, Eco-Scale, and AGREEprep) against PFAS workflow demands, examined the role of automation in throughput and contamination control, and compared trade-offs across the three families. MSPE scored highest on reviewer-assigned green metrics (6.6 vs. 5.9 for the other two families), mostly because field separation and sorbent reuse cut solvent and energy use, not because individual methods were better optimized. Only 5 of the 35 methods reported a formal green metric, while the other 30 relied on narrative claims. None of the four major metrics accounts for sorbent synthesis energy, fluorinated internal standard production, or contamination-control infrastructure costs each PFAS method carries. We propose reporting the synthesis energy per extraction cycle as a fix that does not require a new framework. No single method leads to sensitivity, sustainability, scope, matrix tolerance, and throughput simultaneously; these trade-offs are structural. We close with a practical selection framework and case for a PFAS-specific green metric.
ER  -