Characterization of the R14374-10 photomultiplier tube for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment
Abstract
The Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE) is a planned cubic-kilometer-scale neutrino telescope that will be deployed in the Pacific Ocean, leveraging deep-sea infrastructure operated by Ocean Networks Canada (ONC). The first detector line will deploy 320 3-inch Hamamatsu R14374-10 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect Cherenkov light produced by charged particles propagating through water, as well as light from calibration sources and optical backgrounds. This article presents the systematic characterization of all PMTs to be integrated into the first detector line prior to deployment, ensuring compliance with all detector acceptance criteria. All PMTs satisfy the specified performance criteria: the average transit-time spread (TTS) was measured to be 1.73± 0.15ns, and the average charge resolution at a gain of \num{5e6} was 0.43± 0.03pC; the average after-pulse rate was measured to be around 6%. The integrated P-ONE data acquisition (DAQ) system was also tested and cross-validated against a laboratory digitization system. The second part of the paper presents an in-depth characterization of a subset of six PMTs, focusing on the key properties required for detector simulations, including linearity, after-pulse rate, quantum efficiency, and relative collection efficiency. PMT linearity was measured at a gain of \num{5e6} using the complete P-ONE readout electronics, and the response was found to remain linear for signals up to 150 photoelectrons. After-pulse contributions from Cs+, He+, and other ions were identified in the subset. The peak quantum efficiency was measured to be 27.0±0.7 % at 395\,nm. Using measurements of the relative detection efficiency, the collection efficiency was found to differ by a wavelength-independent offset of 10--15% across the measured wavelength range.
Related
- P-ONE-1: the first detector line of the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment
- Evaluation of the upgraded 3-inch Hamamatsu photomultiplier for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope
- Prediction of the Geoneutrino Signal at the Jinping Neutrino Experiment
- Systematic Study of Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions for the DUNE Experiment
- Commissioning and Performance of the Time-of-Flight Detector for the T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
BibTeX
@misc{aghaei2026characterization,
title = {{Characterization of the R14374-10 photomultiplier tube for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment}},
author = {O. Aghaei and M. Agostini and A. Alexander Wight and K. Baş and N. Baily and P. S. Barbeau and A. J. Baron and S. Bash and C. Bellenghi and M. Boehmer and M. Brandenburg and Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis and D. Brussow and P. Bunton and N. Cedarblade-Jones and K. Clark and B. Crudele and M. Danninger and T. DeYoung and M. Dinkel and N. Exconde and A. Gärtner and J. Garriz and D. Ghuman and L. Ginzkey and V. Gousy-Leblanc and D. Grant and A. Grimes and C. Haack and R. Halliday and M. Heesemann and D. Hembroff and F. Henningsen and M. Herle and O. Janik and V. Jourdenais and W. Kang and S. Karanth and T. Kerscher and S. Kerschtien and S. Koch and K. Kopański and C. Kopper and P. Krause and C. B. Krauss and N. Kurahashi and C. Lagunas Gualda and A. Lam and T. Lavallee and K. Leismüller and R. Li and S. Loipolder and C. Magee and S. Magel and P. Malecki and T. Martin and A. Maunder and C. Miller and N. Molberg and R. Moore},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.26299},
eprint = {2610.26299},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.26299},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Characterization of the R14374-10 photomultiplier tube for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment
AU - O. Aghaei
AU - M. Agostini
AU - A. Alexander Wight
AU - K. Baş
AU - N. Baily
AU - P. S. Barbeau
AU - A. J. Baron
AU - S. Bash
AU - C. Bellenghi
AU - M. Boehmer
AU - M. Brandenburg
AU - Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis
AU - D. Brussow
AU - P. Bunton
AU - N. Cedarblade-Jones
AU - K. Clark
AU - B. Crudele
AU - M. Danninger
AU - T. DeYoung
AU - M. Dinkel
AU - N. Exconde
AU - A. Gärtner
AU - J. Garriz
AU - D. Ghuman
AU - L. Ginzkey
AU - V. Gousy-Leblanc
AU - D. Grant
AU - A. Grimes
AU - C. Haack
AU - R. Halliday
AU - M. Heesemann
AU - D. Hembroff
AU - F. Henningsen
AU - M. Herle
AU - O. Janik
AU - V. Jourdenais
AU - W. Kang
AU - S. Karanth
AU - T. Kerscher
AU - S. Kerschtien
AU - S. Koch
AU - K. Kopański
AU - C. Kopper
AU - P. Krause
AU - C. B. Krauss
AU - N. Kurahashi
AU - C. Lagunas Gualda
AU - A. Lam
AU - T. Lavallee
AU - K. Leismüller
AU - R. Li
AU - S. Loipolder
AU - C. Magee
AU - S. Magel
AU - P. Malecki
AU - T. Martin
AU - A. Maunder
AU - C. Miller
AU - N. Molberg
AU - R. Moore
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/19
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.26299
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.26299
AB - The Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE) is a planned cubic-kilometer-scale neutrino telescope that will be deployed in the Pacific Ocean, leveraging deep-sea infrastructure operated by Ocean Networks Canada (ONC). The first detector line will deploy 320 3-inch Hamamatsu R14374-10 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect Cherenkov light produced by charged particles propagating through water, as well as light from calibration sources and optical backgrounds. This article presents the systematic characterization of all PMTs to be integrated into the first detector line prior to deployment, ensuring compliance with all detector acceptance criteria. All PMTs satisfy the specified performance criteria: the average transit-time spread (TTS) was measured to be 1.73± 0.15ns, and the average charge resolution at a gain of \num{5e6} was 0.43± 0.03pC; the average after-pulse rate was measured to be around 6%. The integrated P-ONE data acquisition (DAQ) system was also tested and cross-validated against a laboratory digitization system. The second part of the paper presents an in-depth characterization of a subset of six PMTs, focusing on the key properties required for detector simulations, including linearity, after-pulse rate, quantum efficiency, and relative collection efficiency. PMT linearity was measured at a gain of \num{5e6} using the complete P-ONE readout electronics, and the response was found to remain linear for signals up to 150 photoelectrons. After-pulse contributions from Cs^+, He^+, and other ions were identified in the subset. The peak quantum efficiency was measured to be 27.0±0.7 % at 395\,nm. Using measurements of the relative detection efficiency, the collection efficiency was found to differ by a wavelength-independent offset of 10--15% across the measured wavelength range.
ER -