Betaine Attenuates Cuprizone-Induced Cortical Demyelination: The Role of the WNT4/mTOR Signalling Pathway in Regulating Astrogliosis and Synaptic Integrity.
4 affiliations
- 1Euro-Mediterranean Master in Neuroscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- 2Zoology, Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- 3Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- 4Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
Cortical grey matter pathology manifests early demyelinating diseases and is a primary driver of permanent neurological impairment. Our study investigated the neuroprotective effects of betaine against cuprizone (CPZ)-induced damage to the cerebral cortex in rats, focusing on its ability to modulate the upstream WNT4/mTOR signalling pathway. Cortical tissues were collected for biochemical assessments of oxidative and inflammatory markers, real-time PCR analysis for WNT4, GFAP, and mTOR gene expressions, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical analysis of vimentin, S100, and synaptophysin. Exposure to CPZ resulted in severe cortical damage with profound oxidative stress. This oxidative status triggered a pronounced neuroinflammatory response, leading to elevated levels of IL-17A, IL-1β, and TNF-α, which in turn caused chronic, hyper-reactive astrogliosis. This was confirmed by the upregulation of GFAP gene expression and enhanced immunohistochemical staining of vimentin and S100β, resulting in extensive loss of cortical synaptic integrity (depletion of synaptophysin). Importantly, treatment with betaine served as a molecular brake, significantly downregulating the aberrant gene expressions of WNT4 and mTOR. This targeted downregulation effectively reduced the overactive glial response, leading to a significant reduction in astrogliosis (GFAP, vimentin, and S100β), alleviated the pro-inflammatory cytokines, restored endogenous antioxidant functions, and ultimately preserved cortical synaptophysin expression and cellular structure. Overall, these results demonstrate that betaine exerts a neuroprotective effect against CPZ-induced cortical injury, which is strongly associated with the attenuation of WNT4/mTOR signalling pathway hyperactivation, suppression of astrogliosis, and preservation of synaptic density. The preservation of cortical grey matter integrity is directly associated with alleviating cognitive deficits and long-term physical disabilities in multiple sclerosis patients, emphasising the translational relevance of targetable neuroprotective therapies.
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BibTeX
@article{said2026betaine,
title = {{Betaine Attenuates Cuprizone-Induced Cortical Demyelination: The Role of the WNT4/mTOR Signalling Pathway in Regulating Astrogliosis and Synaptic Integrity.}},
author = {Yara M Said and Heba-Tallah Abd Elrahim Abd Elkader and Gihad Jamal Bekheet and Sherine Abdel Salam and Amina E Essawy},
journal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1002/jbt.71138},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42900006},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Betaine Attenuates Cuprizone-Induced Cortical Demyelination: The Role of the WNT4/mTOR Signalling Pathway in Regulating Astrogliosis and Synaptic Integrity.
AU - Yara M Said
AU - Heba-Tallah Abd Elrahim Abd Elkader
AU - Gihad Jamal Bekheet
AU - Sherine Abdel Salam
AU - Amina E Essawy
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
JO - Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology
DO - 10.1002/jbt.71138
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42900006
AB - Cortical grey matter pathology manifests early demyelinating diseases and is a primary driver of permanent neurological impairment. Our study investigated the neuroprotective effects of betaine against cuprizone (CPZ)-induced damage to the cerebral cortex in rats, focusing on its ability to modulate the upstream WNT4/mTOR signalling pathway. Cortical tissues were collected for biochemical assessments of oxidative and inflammatory markers, real-time PCR analysis for WNT4, GFAP, and mTOR gene expressions, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical analysis of vimentin, S100, and synaptophysin. Exposure to CPZ resulted in severe cortical damage with profound oxidative stress. This oxidative status triggered a pronounced neuroinflammatory response, leading to elevated levels of IL-17A, IL-1β, and TNF-α, which in turn caused chronic, hyper-reactive astrogliosis. This was confirmed by the upregulation of GFAP gene expression and enhanced immunohistochemical staining of vimentin and S100β, resulting in extensive loss of cortical synaptic integrity (depletion of synaptophysin). Importantly, treatment with betaine served as a molecular brake, significantly downregulating the aberrant gene expressions of WNT4 and mTOR. This targeted downregulation effectively reduced the overactive glial response, leading to a significant reduction in astrogliosis (GFAP, vimentin, and S100β), alleviated the pro-inflammatory cytokines, restored endogenous antioxidant functions, and ultimately preserved cortical synaptophysin expression and cellular structure. Overall, these results demonstrate that betaine exerts a neuroprotective effect against CPZ-induced cortical injury, which is strongly associated with the attenuation of WNT4/mTOR signalling pathway hyperactivation, suppression of astrogliosis, and preservation of synaptic density. The preservation of cortical grey matter integrity is directly associated with alleviating cognitive deficits and long-term physical disabilities in multiple sclerosis patients, emphasising the translational relevance of targetable neuroprotective therapies.
SN - 1095-6670
SN - 1099-0461
ER -