Analytical Modeling of Open- and Closed-Loop Dispersive Molecular Communication Channels with Pulsatile Flow
Abstract
Molecular communication (MC) is a communication paradigm in which information is conveyed through the release, propagation, and reception of molecules. Many envisioned healthcare applications of MC are expected to operate inside the human body, where the cardiovascular system (CVS) may serve as the physical propagation environment and molecular transport is governed by diffusion and blood flow. Although blood flow is inherently pulsatile, most analytical MC channel models assume steady flow. In this paper, we develop a time-variant analytical model for dispersive MC channels with pulsatile flow. We derive the straight-duct response as a Normal distribution with time-variant mean and variance, capturing the combined effects of diffusion and pulsatile flow, and extend it to closed-loop channels through a wrapped-Normal representation. The model is validated against three-dimensional (3D) particle-based simulations (PBSs) for synthetic and physiologically motivated velocity waveforms. We further derive a closed-form first-order approximation for the first-arrival peak time and introduce the nondimensional indicator SRx for assessing the applicability of the reduced one-dimensional (1D) model. Our results show that pulsatility has the strongest influence when molecular transport is predominantly advective and the temporal flow variations are not averaged out, whereas stronger diffusion and faster pulsations reduce its impact on the received signal. Moreover, a PBS-based parameter sweep supports SRx ≥ 2 as a practical criterion for the applicability of the proposed analytical model. Finally, relating the analytical assumptions to representative blood-vessel classes shows that model applicability depends not only on the transport conditions but also on physiological properties such as vessel rigidity, geometric uniformity, and blood rheology.
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BibTeX
@misc{symeonidis2026analytical,
title = {{Analytical Modeling of Open- and Closed-Loop Dispersive Molecular Communication Channels with Pulsatile Flow}},
author = {Theofilos Symeonidis and Fardad Vakilipoor and Timo Jakumeit and Robert Schober and Nunzio Tuccitto and Maximilian Schäfer},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.10102},
eprint = {2610.10102},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.10102},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Analytical Modeling of Open- and Closed-Loop Dispersive Molecular Communication Channels with Pulsatile Flow
AU - Theofilos Symeonidis
AU - Fardad Vakilipoor
AU - Timo Jakumeit
AU - Robert Schober
AU - Nunzio Tuccitto
AU - Maximilian Schäfer
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/07
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.10102
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.10102
AB - Molecular communication (MC) is a communication paradigm in which information is conveyed through the release, propagation, and reception of molecules. Many envisioned healthcare applications of MC are expected to operate inside the human body, where the cardiovascular system (CVS) may serve as the physical propagation environment and molecular transport is governed by diffusion and blood flow. Although blood flow is inherently pulsatile, most analytical MC channel models assume steady flow. In this paper, we develop a time-variant analytical model for dispersive MC channels with pulsatile flow. We derive the straight-duct response as a Normal distribution with time-variant mean and variance, capturing the combined effects of diffusion and pulsatile flow, and extend it to closed-loop channels through a wrapped-Normal representation. The model is validated against three-dimensional (3D) particle-based simulations (PBSs) for synthetic and physiologically motivated velocity waveforms. We further derive a closed-form first-order approximation for the first-arrival peak time and introduce the nondimensional indicator S_Rx for assessing the applicability of the reduced one-dimensional (1D) model. Our results show that pulsatility has the strongest influence when molecular transport is predominantly advective and the temporal flow variations are not averaged out, whereas stronger diffusion and faster pulsations reduce its impact on the received signal. Moreover, a PBS-based parameter sweep supports S_Rx ≥ 2 as a practical criterion for the applicability of the proposed analytical model. Finally, relating the analytical assumptions to representative blood-vessel classes shows that model applicability depends not only on the transport conditions but also on physiological properties such as vessel rigidity, geometric uniformity, and blood rheology.
ER -