Onset of Radiatively Driven Convection in Ice-Covered Freshwater Lakes
Abstract
This work investigates the formation and growth of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (RTIs) during the onset of radiatively driven convection (RDC) in seasonally ice-covered freshwater lakes. Two-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) and linear analysis allow for the investigation of how environmental factors, including thermal stratification, water clarity, and solar forcing influence RTI formation. It is found that for strongly stratified lakes, there is a period of dormancy before the water column forms a gravitationally unstable layer that allows RTI growth. Conversely, for weakly stratified lakes the water column can become unstable almost immediately, allowing for rapid RTI growth. A linear analysis is performed to investigate the early RTI growth dynamics, and its results compare well with DNS. Notably, the wavelengths and depths of RTIs, and their associated time-dependent growth rates, are all captured by the linearised dynamics. Predictions of RDC onset obtained using the linear model show good agreement with DNS results. When the analysis is applied to field measurements of ice-covered lakes, it is found that weakly stratified lakes may take a few hours before RDC onset whereas strongly stratified lakes may not see RDC onset after a full day of clear-sky spring conditions.
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BibTeX
@misc{smith2026onset,
title = {{Onset of Radiatively Driven Convection in Ice-Covered Freshwater Lakes}},
author = {Benjamin J. Smith and Bingfei Yan and Till J. W. Wagner and Nimish Pujara and Jennifer A. Franck},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.42089},
eprint = {2610.42089},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.42089},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Onset of Radiatively Driven Convection in Ice-Covered Freshwater Lakes
AU - Benjamin J. Smith
AU - Bingfei Yan
AU - Till J. W. Wagner
AU - Nimish Pujara
AU - Jennifer A. Franck
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.42089
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.42089
AB - This work investigates the formation and growth of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (RTIs) during the onset of radiatively driven convection (RDC) in seasonally ice-covered freshwater lakes. Two-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) and linear analysis allow for the investigation of how environmental factors, including thermal stratification, water clarity, and solar forcing influence RTI formation. It is found that for strongly stratified lakes, there is a period of dormancy before the water column forms a gravitationally unstable layer that allows RTI growth. Conversely, for weakly stratified lakes the water column can become unstable almost immediately, allowing for rapid RTI growth. A linear analysis is performed to investigate the early RTI growth dynamics, and its results compare well with DNS. Notably, the wavelengths and depths of RTIs, and their associated time-dependent growth rates, are all captured by the linearised dynamics. Predictions of RDC onset obtained using the linear model show good agreement with DNS results. When the analysis is applied to field measurements of ice-covered lakes, it is found that weakly stratified lakes may take a few hours before RDC onset whereas strongly stratified lakes may not see RDC onset after a full day of clear-sky spring conditions.
ER -