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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Molecules

Embossing-Controlled Hierarchical Structures in Cellulose-Derived Carbon Paper for Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensing

  • Wei Wang1,2,3,4
  • Luyao Chen1
  • Zhixiang Wang1
  • Youbo Di1
  • Yaru Yang2
  • Yunchao Xiao2
  • Shuo Yang3,4
  • Hua Wang1
4 affiliations
  1. 1College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030600, China
  2. 2College of Materials and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
  3. 3School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  4. 4State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Fiber Materials, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
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Abstract

Engineering three-dimensional (3D) microstructures in sensing layers is an effective strategy for improving the performance of flexible pressure sensors. However, most technologies for constructing 3D microstructures involve complex fabrication procedures and high costs, which hinder the commercialization of flexible electronics. Herein, inspired by embossing in papermaking, we developed a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor based on carbonized embossed paper (CEP). Embossing followed by carbonization produced a hierarchical structure comprising a porous fibrous network and an array of surface micro-bumps. The spatial frequency and geometry of the micro-bump array were adjusted using metal mesh molds with different mesh counts. The CEP-50 sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 70.14 kPa−1 over 0–0.2 kPa, a working range of 0–150 kPa, a response time of approximately 60 ms, and stable responses over 5000 loading–unloading cycles. The CEP-50 sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 70.14 kPa−1 over 0–0.2 kPa, a working range of 0–150 kPa, a response time of approximately 60 ms, a low detection limit of 1.5 Pa, and stable responses over 5000 loading–unloading cycles. An equivalent circuit and finite element analysis were used to develop a qualitative interpretation of the pressure-dependent electrical response. The sensor was further demonstrated for monitoring pulse, respiration, phonation, and body movements. This embossing-based fabrication approach provides a practical route for developing paper-based wearable pressure sensors.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{wang2026embossingcontrolled,
  title = {{Embossing-Controlled Hierarchical Structures in Cellulose-Derived Carbon Paper for Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensing}},
  author = {Wei Wang and Luyao Chen and Zhixiang Wang and Youbo Di and Yaru Yang and Yunchao Xiao and Shuo Yang and Hua Wang},
  journal = {Molecules},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/molecules31203736},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3736},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Embossing-Controlled Hierarchical Structures in Cellulose-Derived Carbon Paper for Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensing
AU  - Wei Wang
AU  - Luyao Chen
AU  - Zhixiang Wang
AU  - Youbo Di
AU  - Yaru Yang
AU  - Yunchao Xiao
AU  - Shuo Yang
AU  - Hua Wang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Molecules
DO  - 10.3390/molecules31203736
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3736
AB  - Engineering three-dimensional (3D) microstructures in sensing layers is an effective strategy for improving the performance of flexible pressure sensors. However, most technologies for constructing 3D microstructures involve complex fabrication procedures and high costs, which hinder the commercialization of flexible electronics. Herein, inspired by embossing in papermaking, we developed a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor based on carbonized embossed paper (CEP). Embossing followed by carbonization produced a hierarchical structure comprising a porous fibrous network and an array of surface micro-bumps. The spatial frequency and geometry of the micro-bump array were adjusted using metal mesh molds with different mesh counts. The CEP-50 sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 70.14 kPa−1 over 0–0.2 kPa, a working range of 0–150 kPa, a response time of approximately 60 ms, and stable responses over 5000 loading–unloading cycles. The CEP-50 sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 70.14 kPa−1 over 0–0.2 kPa, a working range of 0–150 kPa, a response time of approximately 60 ms, a low detection limit of 1.5 Pa, and stable responses over 5000 loading–unloading cycles. An equivalent circuit and finite element analysis were used to develop a qualitative interpretation of the pressure-dependent electrical response. The sensor was further demonstrated for monitoring pulse, respiration, phonation, and body movements. This embossing-based fabrication approach provides a practical route for developing paper-based wearable pressure sensors.
SN  - 1420-3049
ER  -