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Generalized Forcing Method: Generation of Diverse Data for Training Linear Transport PDE Closure Models

Abstract

Data-driven closure modeling for transport partial differential equations requires training data that are accurate, affordable, diverse, and directly tailored to the target closure fields. We develop the Generalized Forcing Method (GFM), a data-generation framework for training linear transport closure models. GFM generates such data by running simulations with a zero initial condition and an extra body force that is constructed compatibly with the reduced dynamics. This framework leads to implicit GFM (iGFM), which prescribes resolved trajectories, and explicit GFM (eGFM), which constructs a basis of admissible forcings. We apply eGFM to three linear transport closure problems: homogeneous shear flows, spatially inhomogeneous flows, and homogeneous shear flows with random coefficients. The results show that eGFM can identify accurate and stable reduced models when the reduced variables and model form are consistent with the underlying closure relation.

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BibTeX
@misc{xue2026generalized,
  title = {{Generalized Forcing Method: Generation of Diverse Data for Training Linear Transport PDE Closure Models}},
  author = {Wenyuan Xue and Ali Mani},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2606.05141},
  eprint = {2606.05141},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.05141},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Generalized Forcing Method: Generation of Diverse Data for Training Linear Transport PDE Closure Models
AU  - Wenyuan Xue
AU  - Ali Mani
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/05
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2606.05141
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.05141
AB  - Data-driven closure modeling for transport partial differential equations requires training data that are accurate, affordable, diverse, and directly tailored to the target closure fields. We develop the Generalized Forcing Method (GFM), a data-generation framework for training linear transport closure models. GFM generates such data by running simulations with a zero initial condition and an extra body force that is constructed compatibly with the reduced dynamics. This framework leads to implicit GFM (iGFM), which prescribes resolved trajectories, and explicit GFM (eGFM), which constructs a basis of admissible forcings. We apply eGFM to three linear transport closure problems: homogeneous shear flows, spatially inhomogeneous flows, and homogeneous shear flows with random coefficients. The results show that eGFM can identify accurate and stable reduced models when the reduced variables and model form are consistent with the underlying closure relation.
ER  -