Low-Rank Iteration for Efficient Calculations of Topological Surface States
Abstract
Surface states are hallmarks of topological phases, and their efficient computation is crucial for topology characterization. Conventional supercell methods (SCM) approximate semi-infinite systems as finite periodic ones, but suffer from high computational cost, artificial inter-surface coupling, and slow convergence near band edges. Recently, boundary problems for semi-infinite systems have been recast as block-tridiagonal equations and solved by the cyclic reduction method (CRM) and the transfer matrix method (TMM). However, these approaches remain resource-intensive, as fine-mesh discretization produces very large matrices. Recognizing the intrinsic sparsity and low rank of these matrices, we develop a low-rank iterative method (LIM) with stochastic trace estimation that substantially reduces complexity and memory without sacrificing accuracy, while remaining straightforwardly parallelizable. Benchmarks on 2D and 3D topological systems show orders-of-magnitude acceleration over CRM and TMM. LIM extends readily to heterostructures, defective interfaces, and non-Hermitian systems, providing an efficient platform for topological and plasmonic surface phenomena.
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BibTeX
@misc{liu2026lowrank,
title = {{Low-Rank Iteration for Efficient Calculations of Topological Surface States}},
author = {Kaiqi Liu and Changsheng He and Zihan Xie and Shulin Sun and Lei Zhou and Shaojie Ma},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.09165},
eprint = {2611.09165},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.09165},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Low-Rank Iteration for Efficient Calculations of Topological Surface States
AU - Kaiqi Liu
AU - Changsheng He
AU - Zihan Xie
AU - Shulin Sun
AU - Lei Zhou
AU - Shaojie Ma
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/06
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.09165
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.09165
AB - Surface states are hallmarks of topological phases, and their efficient computation is crucial for topology characterization. Conventional supercell methods (SCM) approximate semi-infinite systems as finite periodic ones, but suffer from high computational cost, artificial inter-surface coupling, and slow convergence near band edges. Recently, boundary problems for semi-infinite systems have been recast as block-tridiagonal equations and solved by the cyclic reduction method (CRM) and the transfer matrix method (TMM). However, these approaches remain resource-intensive, as fine-mesh discretization produces very large matrices. Recognizing the intrinsic sparsity and low rank of these matrices, we develop a low-rank iterative method (LIM) with stochastic trace estimation that substantially reduces complexity and memory without sacrificing accuracy, while remaining straightforwardly parallelizable. Benchmarks on 2D and 3D topological systems show orders-of-magnitude acceleration over CRM and TMM. LIM extends readily to heterostructures, defective interfaces, and non-Hermitian systems, providing an efficient platform for topological and plasmonic surface phenomena.
ER -