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Peer-reviewedCC BYScientific Reports

Sex stratified differences in comorbidity patterns among early- and late-onset dementia patients: original research article

  • Majed Ramadan1
  • Doaa Aboalola2
  • Tariq Alghamdi2
  • Taoufik Nedjadi2
  • Ebtisam Jan3
  • Ahmed Alalwani4
  • Lames Almohamadi4
  • Abrar Alhibshi5
  • Halimah Sharif6
  • Nirmin Alsahafi7
  • Rawiah Alsiary2
7 affiliations
  1. 1Population Health Research Section, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard– Health Affairs
  2. 2Division Of Blood And Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard–Health Affairs
  3. 3Department of Research Academy, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard– Health Affairs
  4. 4College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard–Health Affairs
  5. 5College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard–Health Affairs
  6. 6College of Medicine, Batterjee Medical College (BMC)
  7. 7Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC-WR), King Saud Bin AbdulAziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs
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Abstract

Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive decline that interferes with daily functioning; however, sex-specific differences in early-onset dementia (EOD) and late-onset dementia (LOD) remain underexplored in Middle Eastern populations. Thus, this study aimed to examine sex-stratified differences in comorbidity patterns among EOD and LOD patients in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective cohort study of 4,445 dementia cases from the Saudi National Guard Health System (2016–2025) was conducted. Patients were classified as EOD (< 65 years) or LOD (≥ 65 years) based on the age at their first recorded dementia diagnosis during the study period. Logistic regression was used to identify comorbidities associated with EOD while adjusting for sex interactions. Analysis of 4,445 dementia cases revealed distinct comorbidity profiles between EOD (9.74%, n = 433) and LOD (90.26%, n = 4,012). LOD showed higher prevalence of hypertension (67.0% vs. 47.6%), heart disease (29.5% vs. 18.7%), and chronic kidney disease (12.5% vs. 7.4%; all p < 0.01). EOD demonstrated elevated rates of mood disorders (OR = 2.16, 95%CI:1.26–3.70) and documented amnesia/memory-loss diagnoses (OR = 1.60, 95%CI:1.25–2.05). Sex-stratified analyses identified significant interactions in ischemic stroke associated more with EOD in males (p = 0.04). Distinct age- and sex-specific comorbidity patterns were identified among dementia patients in Saudi Arabia. These findings highlight clinically relevant differences in comorbidity profiles between early- and late-onset dementia and may inform age- and sex-sensitive assessment within dementia care.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{ramadan2026stratified,
  title = {{Sex stratified differences in comorbidity patterns among early- and late-onset dementia patients: original research article}},
  author = {Majed Ramadan and Doaa Aboalola and Tariq Alghamdi and Taoufik Nedjadi and Ebtisam Jan and Ahmed Alalwani and Lames Almohamadi and Abrar Alhibshi and Halimah Sharif and Nirmin Alsahafi and Rawiah Alsiary},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-68455-0},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68455-0},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Sex stratified differences in comorbidity patterns among early- and late-onset dementia patients: original research article
AU  - Majed Ramadan
AU  - Doaa Aboalola
AU  - Tariq Alghamdi
AU  - Taoufik Nedjadi
AU  - Ebtisam Jan
AU  - Ahmed Alalwani
AU  - Lames Almohamadi
AU  - Abrar Alhibshi
AU  - Halimah Sharif
AU  - Nirmin Alsahafi
AU  - Rawiah Alsiary
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/01
JO  - Scientific Reports
DO  - 10.1038/s41598-026-68455-0
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68455-0
AB  - Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive decline that interferes with daily functioning; however, sex-specific differences in early-onset dementia (EOD) and late-onset dementia (LOD) remain underexplored in Middle Eastern populations. Thus, this study aimed to examine sex-stratified differences in comorbidity patterns among EOD and LOD patients in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective cohort study of 4,445 dementia cases from the Saudi National Guard Health System (2016–2025) was conducted. Patients were classified as EOD (< 65 years) or LOD (≥ 65 years) based on the age at their first recorded dementia diagnosis during the study period. Logistic regression was used to identify comorbidities associated with EOD while adjusting for sex interactions. Analysis of 4,445 dementia cases revealed distinct comorbidity profiles between EOD (9.74%, n = 433) and LOD (90.26%, n = 4,012). LOD showed higher prevalence of hypertension (67.0% vs. 47.6%), heart disease (29.5% vs. 18.7%), and chronic kidney disease (12.5% vs. 7.4%; all p < 0.01). EOD demonstrated elevated rates of mood disorders (OR = 2.16, 95%CI:1.26–3.70) and documented amnesia/memory-loss diagnoses (OR = 1.60, 95%CI:1.25–2.05). Sex-stratified analyses identified significant interactions in ischemic stroke associated more with EOD in males (p = 0.04). Distinct age- and sex-specific comorbidity patterns were identified among dementia patients in Saudi Arabia. These findings highlight clinically relevant differences in comorbidity profiles between early- and late-onset dementia and may inform age- and sex-sensitive assessment within dementia care.
SN  - 2045-2322
ER  -