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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Addiction Science & Clinical Practice

Measures of recovery used in clinical settings among people with opioid use disorder: a rapid review of the literature

  • Kelly W. Gagnon1
  • Margaret Baldwin2
  • Yahya Alnashri3,4
  • Jessica Jaiswal5,6
  • Karen Cropsey7
  • Ellen Eaton7,8
8 affiliations
  1. 1Center for Community Health and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
  2. 2Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
  3. 3Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
  4. 4Department of Health Policy & Organization, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
  5. 5Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
  6. 6Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT USA
  7. 7Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
  8. 8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Abstract

Background: The United States (US) has observed increasing rates of opioid use and overdose deaths since the 1990s. For patients receiving medications for opioid use disorder (OUD), clinical visits are a critical touchpoint to evaluate progress towards recovery.

Objective: This rapid review aims to identify psychometrically validated measures of recovery used in clinical settings in the US for individuals with OUD.

Methods: A systematic search of Embase and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed studies in English from 2000 to 2023 that applied recovery measures within U.S. clinical treatment settings for individuals with OUD. References were screening and data extracted using Rayyan. Identified measures were mapped to patient-centered treatment goals.

Results: 19 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 37 validated measures of recovery. Measures were predominantly designed to be self-administrated. Measures fell under three domains: exclusively measuring drug use, measuring drug use and other factors, and exclusively measuring factors other than drug use. The most used measure was the Addiction Severity Index, used in 10 studies. After mapping to established patient-centered treatment goals, avoid illicit drug use (n = 14, 38%) was the construct identified most frequently across included measures.

Conclusion: This rapid review of OUD recovery measures found a wide range of measures used over the study period. The most used measures focused on frequency and severity of drug use. Patient-centered treatment goals were largely covered by identified measures. Self-administer design of most measures presents opportunity to leverage patient-reported outcomes in clinical settings to evaluate recovery and inform treatment plans. Future research should explore how customizable PROMs and PREMs for patients in treatment for OUD can support goal tracking, improve patient-clinician decision-making, and help patients with recovery.

Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{gagnon2026measures,
  title = {{Measures of recovery used in clinical settings among people with opioid use disorder: a rapid review of the literature}},
  author = {Kelly W. Gagnon and Margaret Baldwin and Yahya Alnashri and Jessica Jaiswal and Karen Cropsey and Ellen Eaton},
  journal = {Addiction Science \& Clinical Practice},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1186/s13722-026-00700-3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-026-00700-3},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Measures of recovery used in clinical settings among people with opioid use disorder: a rapid review of the literature
AU  - Kelly W. Gagnon
AU  - Margaret Baldwin
AU  - Yahya Alnashri
AU  - Jessica Jaiswal
AU  - Karen Cropsey
AU  - Ellen Eaton
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/28
JO  - Addiction Science & Clinical Practice
DO  - 10.1186/s13722-026-00700-3
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-026-00700-3
AB  - Background: The United States (US) has observed increasing rates of opioid use and overdose deaths since the 1990s. For patients receiving medications for opioid use disorder (OUD), clinical visits are a critical touchpoint to evaluate progress towards recovery.  Objective: This rapid review aims to identify psychometrically validated measures of recovery used in clinical settings in the US for individuals with OUD.  Methods: A systematic search of Embase and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed studies in English from 2000 to 2023 that applied recovery measures within U.S. clinical treatment settings for individuals with OUD. References were screening and data extracted using Rayyan. Identified measures were mapped to patient-centered treatment goals.  Results: 19 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 37 validated measures of recovery. Measures were predominantly designed to be self-administrated. Measures fell under three domains: exclusively measuring drug use, measuring drug use and other factors, and exclusively measuring factors other than drug use. The most used measure was the Addiction Severity Index, used in 10 studies. After mapping to established patient-centered treatment goals, avoid illicit drug use (n = 14, 38%) was the construct identified most frequently across included measures.  Conclusion: This rapid review of OUD recovery measures found a wide range of measures used over the study period. The most used measures focused on frequency and severity of drug use. Patient-centered treatment goals were largely covered by identified measures. Self-administer design of most measures presents opportunity to leverage patient-reported outcomes in clinical settings to evaluate recovery and inform treatment plans. Future research should explore how customizable PROMs and PREMs for patients in treatment for OUD can support goal tracking, improve patient-clinician decision-making, and help patients with recovery.  Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
SN  - 1940-0632
SN  - 1940-0640
ER  -