Beating the nonreciprocal isolation limit of integrated circulators by Floquet leakage interference
Abstract
Time-modulation using semiconductor switches is a promising route to magnetless integrated nonreciprocal devices, as they can offer large modulation depths and high speeds. Yet, chip-scale devices are capped by the finite off-state capacitance of the switches, which induces detrimental leakage of the input wave to the isolated port, imposing a ceiling on the nonreciprocal isolation. Such leakage has largely constrained the development of nonreciprocal integrated systems at high frequency. Here, we beat this limit by using Floquet interference between leakages. In a time-Floquet switched-resonator circulator, two coherent leakages reach the isolated port: the release of the stored wave at the resonator's ring-down frequency, and the direct input leakage at the carrier frequency. We show that it is possible to create conditions under which the two leakages destructively interfere, and even completely cancel, yielding perfect isolation despite operating with non-ideal semiconductor switches. We experimentally confirm leakage interference in a 65-nm CMOS microwave Floquet circulator, reaching 40-dB isolation, which is more than 20 dB higher than the natural switch isolation. We also demonstrate that leakage interference has inherently fast dynamics, establishing itself within a single modulation period, allowing us to reverse the circulation chirality in 0.6~ns. Our results pave the way toward high-frequency integrated chips with ultra-high nonreciprocal isolation.
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BibTeX
@misc{zhang2026beating,
title = {{Beating the nonreciprocal isolation limit of integrated circulators by Floquet leakage interference}},
author = {Zhe Zhang and Haoye Qin and Junda Wang and Qiaolu Chen and Zhechen Zhang and Alireza Mafi and Ahsan Altaf and Romain Fleury},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.28130},
eprint = {2608.28130},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28130},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Beating the nonreciprocal isolation limit of integrated circulators by Floquet leakage interference
AU - Zhe Zhang
AU - Haoye Qin
AU - Junda Wang
AU - Qiaolu Chen
AU - Zhechen Zhang
AU - Alireza Mafi
AU - Ahsan Altaf
AU - Romain Fleury
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.28130
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28130
AB - Time-modulation using semiconductor switches is a promising route to magnetless integrated nonreciprocal devices, as they can offer large modulation depths and high speeds. Yet, chip-scale devices are capped by the finite off-state capacitance of the switches, which induces detrimental leakage of the input wave to the isolated port, imposing a ceiling on the nonreciprocal isolation. Such leakage has largely constrained the development of nonreciprocal integrated systems at high frequency. Here, we beat this limit by using Floquet interference between leakages. In a time-Floquet switched-resonator circulator, two coherent leakages reach the isolated port: the release of the stored wave at the resonator's ring-down frequency, and the direct input leakage at the carrier frequency. We show that it is possible to create conditions under which the two leakages destructively interfere, and even completely cancel, yielding perfect isolation despite operating with non-ideal semiconductor switches. We experimentally confirm leakage interference in a 65-nm CMOS microwave Floquet circulator, reaching 40-dB isolation, which is more than 20 dB higher than the natural switch isolation. We also demonstrate that leakage interference has inherently fast dynamics, establishing itself within a single modulation period, allowing us to reverse the circulation chirality in 0.6~ns. Our results pave the way toward high-frequency integrated chips with ultra-high nonreciprocal isolation.
ER -