Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Ultrasonics Sonochemistry13 Oct 2026

Ultrasound cracks the seed coat barrier: a strategy for whole-bean tempeh fermentation from black kidney bean with balanced protein-starch digestibility

Yaohua Qin¹
Xinyu Qiang¹
Kun Wang²
Jie He³
Haijun Wang³
Wei Li¹
Xin Rui¹

¹College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province 211800, PR China
²College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Province 163319, PR China
³Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Province 530007, PR China

Abstract

Whole-bean tempeh production is hindered by the compact seed coat of black kidney beans, which restricts fungal colonization and nutrient bioaccessibility. Dehulling, the conventional solution, removes the nutrient-dense outer layer. This study employed ultrasound pretreatment (10–30 min) to modify seed coat structure prior to fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus, aiming to overcome this barrier while preserving the seed coat. Ultrasound increased seed coat porosity from 0.9% to 4.5%, reduced hardness from 365.7 N to 73.5–116.8 N, and enhanced hydration, thereby facilitating fungal growth and enzyme activity. Ergosterol content, a marker of fungal biomass, increased 9.0-fold over the untreated control. SEC and CLSM further confirmed enhanced protein and starch degradation as well as cell wall disassembly in ultrasound-treated samples. Compared with untreated whole-bean tempeh, ultrasound-pretreated samples achieved 1.4–2.5-fold higher peptide levels, while maintaining moderate starch utilization distinct from the excessive degradation observed in dehulled tempeh. Protein bioaccessibility reached approximately 55%, bridging 37% of the digestibility gap between whole-bean and dehulled samples, yet the estimated glycemic index remained substantially lower (47.3–49.7) than that of dehulled tempeh (67.2). The 20-min treatment provided the best overall performance, demonstrating that controlled ultrasound is a viable strategy for producing nutritionally balanced whole-bean tempeh.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@article{qin2026ultrasound,
  title = {{Ultrasound cracks the seed coat barrier: a strategy for whole-bean tempeh fermentation from black kidney bean with balanced protein-starch digestibility}},
  author = {Yaohua Qin and Xinyu Qiang and Kun Wang and Jie He and Haijun Wang and Wei Li and Xin Rui},
  journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108113},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108113},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Ultrasound cracks the seed coat barrier: a strategy for whole-bean tempeh fermentation from black kidney bean with balanced protein-starch digestibility
AU  - Yaohua Qin
AU  - Xinyu Qiang
AU  - Kun Wang
AU  - Jie He
AU  - Haijun Wang
AU  - Wei Li
AU  - Xin Rui
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/13
JO  - Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
DO  - 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108113
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108113
AB  - Whole-bean tempeh production is hindered by the compact seed coat of black kidney beans, which restricts fungal colonization and nutrient bioaccessibility. Dehulling, the conventional solution, removes the nutrient-dense outer layer. This study employed ultrasound pretreatment (10–30 min) to modify seed coat structure prior to fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus, aiming to overcome this barrier while preserving the seed coat. Ultrasound increased seed coat porosity from 0.9% to 4.5%, reduced hardness from 365.7 N to 73.5–116.8 N, and enhanced hydration, thereby facilitating fungal growth and enzyme activity. Ergosterol content, a marker of fungal biomass, increased 9.0-fold over the untreated control. SEC and CLSM further confirmed enhanced protein and starch degradation as well as cell wall disassembly in ultrasound-treated samples. Compared with untreated whole-bean tempeh, ultrasound-pretreated samples achieved 1.4–2.5-fold higher peptide levels, while maintaining moderate starch utilization distinct from the excessive degradation observed in dehulled tempeh. Protein bioaccessibility reached approximately 55%, bridging 37% of the digestibility gap between whole-bean and dehulled samples, yet the estimated glycemic index remained substantially lower (47.3–49.7) than that of dehulled tempeh (67.2). The 20-min treatment provided the best overall performance, demonstrating that controlled ultrasound is a viable strategy for producing nutritionally balanced whole-bean tempeh.
SN  - 1350-4177
SN  - 1873-2828
ER  -

Abstract

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