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PreprintarXiv licencearXiv

Shock breakout from mildly relativistic ejecta in a dense wind: the case of EP260321a/SN 2026gzf

  • Akihiro Suzuki
  • Keiichi Maeda
  • Toshikazu Shigeyama
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Abstract

We present shock breakout (SBO) modeling of the recently discovered X-ray transient EP260321a detected by the \textit{Einstein Probe} mission. Our semi-analytic model, based on our previous work, follows the interaction between a supernova ejecta with a mildly relativistic outer envelope and a dense, wind-like circumstellar medium (CSM) by using a thin-shell approximation that incorporates relativistic effects. We find that the observed properties of the X-ray emission are well explained by the breakout emission powered by a high-velocity envelope with a kinetic energy of ∼3.5×1049 erg (excluding the supernova ejecta) and a dense wind characterized by a mass-loss rate of Ṁ≃1.2× 10−3(vw/103 km s−1) M⊙ yr−1, where vw is the wind velocity. The observed burst duration requires the dense CSM to extend up to ∼350 R⊙, corresponding to a CSM mass of ∼ 10−5 M⊙. These results demonstrate that SBO observations provide a sensitive probe of mass loss from stripped-envelope supernova progenitors shortly before core collapse.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{suzuki2026shock,
  title = {{Shock breakout from mildly relativistic ejecta in a dense wind: the case of EP260321a/SN 2026gzf}},
  author = {Akihiro Suzuki and Keiichi Maeda and Toshikazu Shigeyama},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2607.24045},
  eprint = {2607.24045},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.24045},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Shock breakout from mildly relativistic ejecta in a dense wind: the case of EP260321a/SN 2026gzf
AU  - Akihiro Suzuki
AU  - Keiichi Maeda
AU  - Toshikazu Shigeyama
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/07
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2607.24045
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.24045
AB  - We present shock breakout (SBO) modeling of the recently discovered X-ray transient EP260321a detected by the \textit{Einstein Probe} mission. Our semi-analytic model, based on our previous work, follows the interaction between a supernova ejecta with a mildly relativistic outer envelope and a dense, wind-like circumstellar medium (CSM) by using a thin-shell approximation that incorporates relativistic effects. We find that the observed properties of the X-ray emission are well explained by the breakout emission powered by a high-velocity envelope with a kinetic energy of ∼3.5×10^49 erg (excluding the supernova ejecta) and a dense wind characterized by a mass-loss rate of Ṁ≃1.2× 10^−3(v_w/10^3 km s^−1) M_⊙ yr^−1, where v_w is the wind velocity. The observed burst duration requires the dense CSM to extend up to ∼350 R_⊙, corresponding to a CSM mass of ∼ 10^−5 M_⊙. These results demonstrate that SBO observations provide a sensitive probe of mass loss from stripped-envelope supernova progenitors shortly before core collapse.
ER  -