The pod components of the Shigella T3SS sorting platform accommodate multiple copies of Spa33 (SctQ)
4 affiliations
- 1Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- 2Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- 3Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- 4Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
Abstract
The bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) uses a membrane-embedded injectisome assembly to export effector proteins into host cells. While atomic-level structural details have been revealed for much of the T3SS apparatus, the model of the cytoplasmic sorting platform remains largely low-resolution. A central structural element of the sorting platform is the so-called “pod” protein, SctQ, which anchors the sorting platform to the inner membrane via interaction with the adaptor protein SctK, and connects to the central ATPase via the spoke protein SctL. SctQ proteins also interact with alternatively translated homodimers of their C-terminal SPOA2 domains. Low resolution electron density maps have provided an outline of the sorting platform architecture, and fluorescence microscopy studies have suggested a 1:4:2 SctK:SctQ:SctL stoichiometry. While there are experimental and AlphaFold structures of individual components and complexes of the sorting platform pod, there is currently no model for the pod structure that adequately fits the electron density or accounts for the proposed stoichiometry. Here we use AlphaFold to generate a model of the upper portion of the Shigella pod complex in which two copies of the SctQ protein, Spa33, bind the adaptor protein MxiK, with each copy of Spa33 bound to an alternately translated SPOA2-SPOA2 domain. We show through mutation of energetically critical interface residues, predicted by computational mutant scanning, that both Spa33 binding sites on MxiK are required for T3SS activity in Shigella flexneri, as well as binding of Spa33 to the SPOA2-SPOA2 homodimer. We find that this model fits well to the upper two-thirds of the pod electron density, albeit in a manner that places the protein components slightly closer to the inner membrane than traditionally presented. Further, cryogenic electron tomography shows Spa33/MxiK interface mutant sorting platforms are destabilized and lack clear density for the SctL spoke protein MxiN and central ATPase Spa47, while Spa33/SPOA2-SPOA2 interaction mutants are further disrupted and lack clear lower pod density. The density for the lower portion of the sorting platform pod, thought to arise from Spa33 and MxiN, remains unmodeled, largely due to the inability of AlphaFold to confidently predict the structure of MxiN or MxiN complexes. However, we show that, allowing for potential conformational rearrangements, the pod can accommodate three full-length copies of Spa33 in a manner that fills some of the lower electron density. How a potential fourth copy of Spa33 could occupy the remaining density with MxiN remains unclear. Author summary: The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a critical virulence factor used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject effector proteins into host cells. These effectors are secreted through the type III secretion apparatus, or injectisome, a large macromolecular assembly comprising an extracellular needle complex, a periplasmic basal body, and a cytoplasmic sorting platform. The sorting platform is formed by six, radially symmetric “pods” which anchor a central ATPase in position to power secretion through the injectisome. Each pod is thought to consist of three main protein components, SctK, SctQ, and SctL, present in a 1:4:2 stoichiometry, respectively. Here we use AlphaFold modeling and site-directed mutagenesis to develop a structural model for the Shigella flexneri pod that accounts for multiple copies of SctQ that fits within the the experimental electron density of the sorting platform.
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BibTeX
@article{whittier2026components,
title = {{The pod components of the Shigella T3SS sorting platform accommodate multiple copies of Spa33 (SctQ)}},
author = {Sean K. Whittier and Shoichi Tachiyama and Samira Heydari and Wendy L. Picking and Jun Liu and William D. Picking},
journal = {PLOS Pathogens},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592},
url = {https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - The pod components of the Shigella T3SS sorting platform accommodate multiple copies of Spa33 (SctQ)
AU - Sean K. Whittier
AU - Shoichi Tachiyama
AU - Samira Heydari
AU - Wendy L. Picking
AU - Jun Liu
AU - William D. Picking
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/21
JO - PLOS Pathogens
DO - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592
UR - https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014592
AB - The bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) uses a membrane-embedded injectisome assembly to export effector proteins into host cells. While atomic-level structural details have been revealed for much of the T3SS apparatus, the model of the cytoplasmic sorting platform remains largely low-resolution. A central structural element of the sorting platform is the so-called “pod” protein, SctQ, which anchors the sorting platform to the inner membrane via interaction with the adaptor protein SctK, and connects to the central ATPase via the spoke protein SctL. SctQ proteins also interact with alternatively translated homodimers of their C-terminal SPOA2 domains. Low resolution electron density maps have provided an outline of the sorting platform architecture, and fluorescence microscopy studies have suggested a 1:4:2 SctK:SctQ:SctL stoichiometry. While there are experimental and AlphaFold structures of individual components and complexes of the sorting platform pod, there is currently no model for the pod structure that adequately fits the electron density or accounts for the proposed stoichiometry. Here we use AlphaFold to generate a model of the upper portion of the Shigella pod complex in which two copies of the SctQ protein, Spa33, bind the adaptor protein MxiK, with each copy of Spa33 bound to an alternately translated SPOA2-SPOA2 domain. We show through mutation of energetically critical interface residues, predicted by computational mutant scanning, that both Spa33 binding sites on MxiK are required for T3SS activity in Shigella flexneri, as well as binding of Spa33 to the SPOA2-SPOA2 homodimer. We find that this model fits well to the upper two-thirds of the pod electron density, albeit in a manner that places the protein components slightly closer to the inner membrane than traditionally presented. Further, cryogenic electron tomography shows Spa33/MxiK interface mutant sorting platforms are destabilized and lack clear density for the SctL spoke protein MxiN and central ATPase Spa47, while Spa33/SPOA2-SPOA2 interaction mutants are further disrupted and lack clear lower pod density. The density for the lower portion of the sorting platform pod, thought to arise from Spa33 and MxiN, remains unmodeled, largely due to the inability of AlphaFold to confidently predict the structure of MxiN or MxiN complexes. However, we show that, allowing for potential conformational rearrangements, the pod can accommodate three full-length copies of Spa33 in a manner that fills some of the lower electron density. How a potential fourth copy of Spa33 could occupy the remaining density with MxiN remains unclear. Author summary: The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a critical virulence factor used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject effector proteins into host cells. These effectors are secreted through the type III secretion apparatus, or injectisome, a large macromolecular assembly comprising an extracellular needle complex, a periplasmic basal body, and a cytoplasmic sorting platform. The sorting platform is formed by six, radially symmetric “pods” which anchor a central ATPase in position to power secretion through the injectisome. Each pod is thought to consist of three main protein components, SctK, SctQ, and SctL, present in a 1:4:2 stoichiometry, respectively. Here we use AlphaFold modeling and site-directed mutagenesis to develop a structural model for the Shigella flexneri pod that accounts for multiple copies of SctQ that fits within the the experimental electron density of the sorting platform.
SN - 1553-7374
ER -