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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Immunology

Rare paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma: case reports and literature review

  • Wenji Jia1
  • Lei Jin2
  • Xicheng Li2
  • Dingxian He2
  • Jie Song2
  • Yiqin Xiao3
  • Yu Xue4
  • Yiqi Wang5
  • Xianglin Chu6
  • Hui Wu7
  • Dongyue Yue2
  • Wenhua Zhu2
4 more authors
  • Jianying Xi2
  • Jing Xiong1
  • Chongbo Zhao2
  • Sushan Luo2
7 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Neurology, No. 2 Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University
  2. 2Huashan Rare Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University
  3. 3Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
  4. 4Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
  5. 5Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College
  6. 6Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
  7. 7Department of Neurology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai
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Abstract

Thymoma is the most common anterior mediastinal tumor, which is linked to the loss of self-tolerance and the presence of autoimmunity. Various interactions between thymoma and autoimmune diseases have been identified, including myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, pure red cell aplasia, and pemphigus. In this retrospective case series, we reported rare autoimmune disorders with different organ involvement associated with thymoma. These included ocular paraneoplastic pemphigus, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, diffuse panbronchiolitis and myositis. Our series broadens the spectrum of autoimmune disorders with shared T cell-mediated and B cell-dependent pathogenesis, underscoring the recurrence or relapse of thymoma-associated autoimmunity. The recognition of rare autoimmune presentations charts future treatment decisions and multidisciplinary care.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{jia2026rare,
  title = {{Rare paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma: case reports and literature review}},
  author = {Wenji Jia and Lei Jin and Xicheng Li and Dingxian He and Jie Song and Yiqin Xiao and Yu Xue and Yiqi Wang and Xianglin Chu and Hui Wu and Dongyue Yue and Wenhua Zhu and Jianying Xi and Jing Xiong and Chongbo Zhao and Sushan Luo},
  journal = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2026.1948683},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1948683/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Rare paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma: case reports and literature review
AU  - Wenji Jia
AU  - Lei Jin
AU  - Xicheng Li
AU  - Dingxian He
AU  - Jie Song
AU  - Yiqin Xiao
AU  - Yu Xue
AU  - Yiqi Wang
AU  - Xianglin Chu
AU  - Hui Wu
AU  - Dongyue Yue
AU  - Wenhua Zhu
AU  - Jianying Xi
AU  - Jing Xiong
AU  - Chongbo Zhao
AU  - Sushan Luo
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/26
JO  - Frontiers in Immunology
DO  - 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1948683
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1948683/full
AB  - Thymoma is the most common anterior mediastinal tumor, which is linked to the loss of self-tolerance and the presence of autoimmunity. Various interactions between thymoma and autoimmune diseases have been identified, including myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, pure red cell aplasia, and pemphigus. In this retrospective case series, we reported rare autoimmune disorders with different organ involvement associated with thymoma. These included ocular paraneoplastic pemphigus, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, diffuse panbronchiolitis and myositis. Our series broadens the spectrum of autoimmune disorders with shared T cell-mediated and B cell-dependent pathogenesis, underscoring the recurrence or relapse of thymoma-associated autoimmunity. The recognition of rare autoimmune presentations charts future treatment decisions and multidisciplinary care.
SN  - 1664-3224
ER  -