Steering the immune response: cancer vaccines and the next era of cancer immunotherapy
- 1NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- 2Immunotherapy Consultant, San Francisco, California, USA
Abstract
The recent announcements that personalized mRNA cancer vaccines (1) when combined with pembrolizumab improved outcomes in patients with high-risk melanoma and (2) when given as a single agent to high-risk patients with colorectal cancer failed may represent an important inflection point in cancer immunotherapy. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated that antitumor immunity can be unleashed by removing inhibitory signals, therapeutic cancer vaccines offer the complementary opportunity to steer the immune response toward the tumor. Personalized vaccination can direct T cells against tumor-specific neoantigens, while checkpoint blockade may sustain their function and activity. The implications extend beyond melanoma, as therapeutic vaccination could potentially be applied across tumor types and clinical settings, particularly earlier in disease when tumor burden is low—but only when optimally delivered. The National Cancer Institute, in collaboration with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, is developing an international initiative to evaluate diverse therapeutic cancer vaccine strategies, including mRNA-based approaches, with the goal of accelerating discovery and clinical translation over a 2–3-year time frame. Together, these developments point toward a next generation of immunotherapy that not only releases the brakes on an anticancer immune response but increasingly directs where the immune system attacks.
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BibTeX
@article{gulley2026steering,
title = {{Steering the immune response: cancer vaccines and the next era of cancer immunotherapy}},
author = {James L Gulley and Lisa H Butterfield},
journal = {Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.1136/jitc-2026-017100},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2026-017100},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Steering the immune response: cancer vaccines and the next era of cancer immunotherapy
AU - James L Gulley
AU - Lisa H Butterfield
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/08
JO - Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
DO - 10.1136/jitc-2026-017100
UR - https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2026-017100
AB - The recent announcements that personalized mRNA cancer vaccines (1) when combined with pembrolizumab improved outcomes in patients with high-risk melanoma and (2) when given as a single agent to high-risk patients with colorectal cancer failed may represent an important inflection point in cancer immunotherapy. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated that antitumor immunity can be unleashed by removing inhibitory signals, therapeutic cancer vaccines offer the complementary opportunity to steer the immune response toward the tumor. Personalized vaccination can direct T cells against tumor-specific neoantigens, while checkpoint blockade may sustain their function and activity. The implications extend beyond melanoma, as therapeutic vaccination could potentially be applied across tumor types and clinical settings, particularly earlier in disease when tumor burden is low—but only when optimally delivered. The National Cancer Institute, in collaboration with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, is developing an international initiative to evaluate diverse therapeutic cancer vaccine strategies, including mRNA-based approaches, with the goal of accelerating discovery and clinical translation over a 2–3-year time frame. Together, these developments point toward a next generation of immunotherapy that not only releases the brakes on an anticancer immune response but increasingly directs where the immune system attacks.
SN - 2051-1426
ER -