Energy Accuracy Is Not Enough: A Structure-Aware Benchmark and Evaluation Protocol for Quantum Architecture Search
Abstract
Quantum architecture search for molecular ground-state estimation is commonly evaluated through energy accuracy, which does not describe circuit cost or the physical properties of the prepared state. We introduce HamQASBench, a structure-aware benchmark comprising eleven molecular Hamiltonians of up to fourteen qubits, selected using Hamiltonian and target-state properties and supplied with exact references. Its evaluation protocol combines energy accuracy and success rates with reference-relative circuit cost, local entropy profiles for non-degenerate targets, and state identification within degenerate ground subspaces. Experiments with five methods spanning four search paradigms reveal differences hidden by energy-only comparisons. On a near-product instance under the shallow search budget, the best outputs of all five methods reach chemical accuracy while using between two and sixty-two gates. Equal-energy outputs on a degenerate instance occupy distinct spin components. Local entropy profiles distinguish inaccurate outputs and show that entangling-gate counts need not reflect realized entanglement. Across the molecular instance ladder, product-state outputs can meet or miss chemical accuracy, motivating interpretation of success alongside target-state properties. These results support retaining energy as the task-success criterion while using circuit-cost and state diagnostics for more informative comparisons. The benchmark instances, references, evaluation implementation, and per-run data are released for reuse.
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BibTeX
@misc{niu2026energy,
title = {{Energy Accuracy Is Not Enough: A Structure-Aware Benchmark and Evaluation Protocol for Quantum Architecture Search}},
author = {Jiayang Niu and Akib Karim and Yan Wang and Jie Li and Ke Deng and Azadeh Alavi and Muhammad Usman and Yongli Ren},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2607.04845},
eprint = {2607.04845},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.04845},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Energy Accuracy Is Not Enough: A Structure-Aware Benchmark and Evaluation Protocol for Quantum Architecture Search
AU - Jiayang Niu
AU - Akib Karim
AU - Yan Wang
AU - Jie Li
AU - Ke Deng
AU - Azadeh Alavi
AU - Muhammad Usman
AU - Yongli Ren
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/11
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2607.04845
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.04845
AB - Quantum architecture search for molecular ground-state estimation is commonly evaluated through energy accuracy, which does not describe circuit cost or the physical properties of the prepared state. We introduce HamQASBench, a structure-aware benchmark comprising eleven molecular Hamiltonians of up to fourteen qubits, selected using Hamiltonian and target-state properties and supplied with exact references. Its evaluation protocol combines energy accuracy and success rates with reference-relative circuit cost, local entropy profiles for non-degenerate targets, and state identification within degenerate ground subspaces. Experiments with five methods spanning four search paradigms reveal differences hidden by energy-only comparisons. On a near-product instance under the shallow search budget, the best outputs of all five methods reach chemical accuracy while using between two and sixty-two gates. Equal-energy outputs on a degenerate instance occupy distinct spin components. Local entropy profiles distinguish inaccurate outputs and show that entangling-gate counts need not reflect realized entanglement. Across the molecular instance ladder, product-state outputs can meet or miss chemical accuracy, motivating interpretation of success alongside target-state properties. These results support retaining energy as the task-success criterion while using circuit-cost and state diagnostics for more informative comparisons. The benchmark instances, references, evaluation implementation, and per-run data are released for reuse.
ER -