Water entry of small hydrophobic spheres on an axisymmetric wavefield
Abstract
When a sphere crosses an air-water interface it can entrain a significant volume of air, a process relevant to numerous naval, industrial, and environmental settings. While air entrainment through sphere impact onto quiescent interfaces has been extensively studied, real-world interfaces are inherently unsteady, and the influence of surface waves is less understood. In this work, we systematically investigate the effect of waves on air entrainment in a highly controlled setting: small hydrophobic spheres impacting an axisymmetric standing wavefield. By analyzing the resulting cavity across a wide parameter space, including wave phase, driving amplitude, and frequency, we reveal that local interface deformation dramatically alters the maximum cavity volume. This effect is driven by a geometric modulation of the splash curtain, which shifts the transition between cavity closure modes. We demonstrate that the influence of waves in our setting is well parameterized by the instantaneous interface slope evaluated at the radius of the sphere, successfully collapsing our experimental data alongside the traditional Weber and Bond numbers.
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BibTeX
@misc{gabbard2026water,
title = {{Water entry of small hydrophobic spheres on an axisymmetric wavefield}},
author = {Chase T. Gabbard and Mario Ibrahim and Joseph Quinton and Eli Silver and Jesse Belden and Daniel M. Harris},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2607.20067},
eprint = {2607.20067},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.20067},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Water entry of small hydrophobic spheres on an axisymmetric wavefield
AU - Chase T. Gabbard
AU - Mario Ibrahim
AU - Joseph Quinton
AU - Eli Silver
AU - Jesse Belden
AU - Daniel M. Harris
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/07
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2607.20067
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.20067
AB - When a sphere crosses an air-water interface it can entrain a significant volume of air, a process relevant to numerous naval, industrial, and environmental settings. While air entrainment through sphere impact onto quiescent interfaces has been extensively studied, real-world interfaces are inherently unsteady, and the influence of surface waves is less understood. In this work, we systematically investigate the effect of waves on air entrainment in a highly controlled setting: small hydrophobic spheres impacting an axisymmetric standing wavefield. By analyzing the resulting cavity across a wide parameter space, including wave phase, driving amplitude, and frequency, we reveal that local interface deformation dramatically alters the maximum cavity volume. This effect is driven by a geometric modulation of the splash curtain, which shifts the transition between cavity closure modes. We demonstrate that the influence of waves in our setting is well parameterized by the instantaneous interface slope evaluated at the radius of the sphere, successfully collapsing our experimental data alongside the traditional Weber and Bond numbers.
ER -