Photon Statistics and Light Squeezing Under Vibrational Strong Coupling from Real-Time Nuclear--Electronic Orbital Theory
Abstract
Molecular polaritons have attracted great interest in recent years as a promising avenue for developing optical control of chemical processes. A major open question in this field is the role of quantum optical effects in understanding the molecular dynamics observed in cavities. In this work, we use our recently developed mean-field quantum and full-quantum real-time nuclear--electronic orbital time-dependent density functional theory methods to simulate photon statistics for a cavity mode strongly coupled to a molecular vibrational transition. Our comparative use of these two methods allows us to isolate the contributions of light--matter entanglement to the photon statistics. We consider three initial conditions of the cavity mode: a coherent state, a squeezed coherent state, and a single photon Fock state. These conditions span Poissonian, super-Poissonian, and sub-Poissonian photon statistics. Our full-quantum dynamics initialized with a coherent state show considerable super-Poissonian fluctuations of the photon statistics and light-squeezing of the cavity photons by the vibrational mode. These dynamics are particularly notable considering the quasi-classical properties of the coherent state. The squeezed coherent and Fock state initial conditions also demonstrate noteworthy fluctuations in the photon statistics. All three initial conditions reveal dynamics in the full-quantum photon statistics that differ considerably from the statistics obtained with the mean-field quantum method. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering quantum optical effects for molecules under strong coupling in certain situations.
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BibTeX
@misc{welman2026photon,
title = {{Photon Statistics and Light Squeezing Under Vibrational Strong Coupling from Real-Time Nuclear--Electronic Orbital Theory}},
author = {Millan Welman and Sharon Hammes-Schiffer},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.40413},
eprint = {2610.40413},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40413},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Photon Statistics and Light Squeezing Under Vibrational Strong Coupling from Real-Time Nuclear--Electronic Orbital Theory
AU - Millan Welman
AU - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.40413
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40413
AB - Molecular polaritons have attracted great interest in recent years as a promising avenue for developing optical control of chemical processes. A major open question in this field is the role of quantum optical effects in understanding the molecular dynamics observed in cavities. In this work, we use our recently developed mean-field quantum and full-quantum real-time nuclear--electronic orbital time-dependent density functional theory methods to simulate photon statistics for a cavity mode strongly coupled to a molecular vibrational transition. Our comparative use of these two methods allows us to isolate the contributions of light--matter entanglement to the photon statistics. We consider three initial conditions of the cavity mode: a coherent state, a squeezed coherent state, and a single photon Fock state. These conditions span Poissonian, super-Poissonian, and sub-Poissonian photon statistics. Our full-quantum dynamics initialized with a coherent state show considerable super-Poissonian fluctuations of the photon statistics and light-squeezing of the cavity photons by the vibrational mode. These dynamics are particularly notable considering the quasi-classical properties of the coherent state. The squeezed coherent and Fock state initial conditions also demonstrate noteworthy fluctuations in the photon statistics. All three initial conditions reveal dynamics in the full-quantum photon statistics that differ considerably from the statistics obtained with the mean-field quantum method. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering quantum optical effects for molecules under strong coupling in certain situations.
ER -