Phytosynthesized Ag/MgO nanocomposite from Salvia rosmarinus: a promising multifunctional agent for anticancer, antibacterial, and metabolic enzyme inhibition
5 affiliations
- 1Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa31982, Saudi Arabia
- 2Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh11671, Saudi Arabia
- 3Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Shaqra11961, Saudi Arabia
- 4Applied College, Shaqra University, Shaqra11961, Saudi Arabia
- 5Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Plant-mediated synthesis provides a sustainable approach for producing multifunctional nanomaterials. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs), and an Ag/MgO nanocomposite (Ag/MgO NCs) were synthesized using Salvia rosmarinus leaf extract and comparatively evaluated. GC–MS and HPLC analyses identified terpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids that may contribute to nanomaterial formation and stabilization. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, SAED, EDX mapping, DLS, zeta-potential, TGA/DTG, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analyses. HR-TEM showed adjacent crystalline domains with lattice spacings of approximately 0.24 and 0.23 nm, tentatively assigned to MgO(111) and Ag(111), respectively, while SAED supported the polycrystalline nature and coexistence of Ag- and MgO-containing domains. Ag/MgO NCs exhibited a TEM-derived particle size of 66.86 ± 28.72 nm, a hydrodynamic diameter of 95.32 nm, a PDI of 0.339, and a zeta potential of −36.4 mV. Ag/MgO NCs exhibited greater antibacterial activity than the individual nanoparticles against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, producing inhibition-zone diameters of 15–27 mm and MIC values of 62.5–250 μg/mL. TEM observations and increased extracellular protein leakage supported bacterial membrane damage, while biofilm inhibition reached 56.46 % against S. aureus and 61.52 % against K. pneumoniae. Ag/MgO NCs exhibited IC50 values of 152.37 and 444.23 μg/mL against HeLa and non-cancerous Vero cells, respectively, corresponding to borderline-to-moderate preferential cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells (SI = 2.91). Flow cytometry demonstrated 33.5 % total apoptosis and an increase in the S-phase population from 4.3 % to 32.5 %. The nanocomposite also exhibited improved DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 140.23 and 275.90 μg/mL, respectively, and inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 358.5 and 102.76 μg/mL. Overall, Ag/MgO NCs displayed improved multifunctional biological performance relative to Ag NPs and MgO NPs; however, further mechanistic, biosafety, and in vivo studies are required.
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BibTeX
@article{munirah2026phytosynthesized,
title = {{Phytosynthesized Ag/MgO nanocomposite from Salvia rosmarinus: a promising multifunctional agent for anticancer, antibacterial, and metabolic enzyme inhibition}},
author = {Aldayel Munirah F. and Aljarba Nada H. and Al-Otaibi Waad A. and AlMotwaa Sahar M. and Soliman Mohamed K.Y.},
journal = {Nanotechnology Reviews},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1515/ntrev-2025-0394},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2025-0394},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Phytosynthesized Ag/MgO nanocomposite from Salvia rosmarinus: a promising multifunctional agent for anticancer, antibacterial, and metabolic enzyme inhibition
AU - Aldayel Munirah F.
AU - Aljarba Nada H.
AU - Al-Otaibi Waad A.
AU - AlMotwaa Sahar M.
AU - Soliman Mohamed K.Y.
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/26
JO - Nanotechnology Reviews
DO - 10.1515/ntrev-2025-0394
UR - https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2025-0394
AB - Plant-mediated synthesis provides a sustainable approach for producing multifunctional nanomaterials. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs), and an Ag/MgO nanocomposite (Ag/MgO NCs) were synthesized using Salvia rosmarinus leaf extract and comparatively evaluated. GC–MS and HPLC analyses identified terpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids that may contribute to nanomaterial formation and stabilization. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, SAED, EDX mapping, DLS, zeta-potential, TGA/DTG, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analyses. HR-TEM showed adjacent crystalline domains with lattice spacings of approximately 0.24 and 0.23 nm, tentatively assigned to MgO(111) and Ag(111), respectively, while SAED supported the polycrystalline nature and coexistence of Ag- and MgO-containing domains. Ag/MgO NCs exhibited a TEM-derived particle size of 66.86 ± 28.72 nm, a hydrodynamic diameter of 95.32 nm, a PDI of 0.339, and a zeta potential of −36.4 mV. Ag/MgO NCs exhibited greater antibacterial activity than the individual nanoparticles against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, producing inhibition-zone diameters of 15–27 mm and MIC values of 62.5–250 μg/mL. TEM observations and increased extracellular protein leakage supported bacterial membrane damage, while biofilm inhibition reached 56.46 % against S. aureus and 61.52 % against K. pneumoniae. Ag/MgO NCs exhibited IC50 values of 152.37 and 444.23 μg/mL against HeLa and non-cancerous Vero cells, respectively, corresponding to borderline-to-moderate preferential cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells (SI = 2.91). Flow cytometry demonstrated 33.5 % total apoptosis and an increase in the S-phase population from 4.3 % to 32.5 %. The nanocomposite also exhibited improved DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 140.23 and 275.90 μg/mL, respectively, and inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 358.5 and 102.76 μg/mL. Overall, Ag/MgO NCs displayed improved multifunctional biological performance relative to Ag NPs and MgO NPs; however, further mechanistic, biosafety, and in vivo studies are required.
SN - 2191-9097
SN - 2191-9089
ER -