The Biomarker Revolution in Kidney Transplantation
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
Abstract
Since the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, transplant medicine has advanced significantly, achieving favorable one-year outcomes. However, despite excellent short-term outcomes, long-term renal allograft survival remains sub-optimal, with acute rejection continuing to be a major contributor to death-censored allograft loss. Current approaches for post-transplant surveillance and rejection monitoring rely on either nonspecific markers that often detect injury late in their course or invasive procedures associated with procedural risks and complications. To address these limitations, numerous non-invasive biomarkers have been introduced into solid organ transplantation research with the goal of improving allograft surveillance, facilitating earlier detection of rejection and complementing existing diagnostic approaches. Although several biomarkers have demonstrated clinical promise, none currently possess sufficient accuracy to replace kidney allograft biopsy. Biomarkers under investigation include blood-, tissue- and urine-based specimens. Their development and validation as independent markers have been limited by smaller sample size, heterogenous targets, variable performance characteristics and suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. In response, the field has increasingly shifted toward multimodal approaches that combine biomarkers and incorporate artificial intelligence to improve diagnostic accuracy and outcomes prediction. This review summarizes current biomarkers, discusses their limitations and explores future directions for biomarker development and clinical implementation.
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BibTeX
@article{cho2026biomarker,
title = {{The Biomarker Revolution in Kidney Transplantation}},
author = {Elizabeth Cho and Yvette Y. Lopez and Sami Alasfar},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.3390/jcm15197601},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/19/7601},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - The Biomarker Revolution in Kidney Transplantation
AU - Elizabeth Cho
AU - Yvette Y. Lopez
AU - Sami Alasfar
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/30
JO - Journal of Clinical Medicine
DO - 10.3390/jcm15197601
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/19/7601
AB - Since the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, transplant medicine has advanced significantly, achieving favorable one-year outcomes. However, despite excellent short-term outcomes, long-term renal allograft survival remains sub-optimal, with acute rejection continuing to be a major contributor to death-censored allograft loss. Current approaches for post-transplant surveillance and rejection monitoring rely on either nonspecific markers that often detect injury late in their course or invasive procedures associated with procedural risks and complications. To address these limitations, numerous non-invasive biomarkers have been introduced into solid organ transplantation research with the goal of improving allograft surveillance, facilitating earlier detection of rejection and complementing existing diagnostic approaches. Although several biomarkers have demonstrated clinical promise, none currently possess sufficient accuracy to replace kidney allograft biopsy. Biomarkers under investigation include blood-, tissue- and urine-based specimens. Their development and validation as independent markers have been limited by smaller sample size, heterogenous targets, variable performance characteristics and suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. In response, the field has increasingly shifted toward multimodal approaches that combine biomarkers and incorporate artificial intelligence to improve diagnostic accuracy and outcomes prediction. This review summarizes current biomarkers, discusses their limitations and explores future directions for biomarker development and clinical implementation.
SN - 2077-0383
ER -