Seasonal warming alters spring needle unfolding and lammas shoot development in Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. seedlings
Abstract
Key messageField experiments in South Korea show that warming alters the seedling phenology of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc.. Spring needle unfolding was accelerated by spring warming and influenced by elevated daily maximum temperatures. Cumulative high-temperature exposure strongly accelerated lammas shoot development, highlighting extreme heat as a key driver of climate impacts on lammas shoot occurrence and needle unfolding.ContextClimate warming is reshaping plant phenology worldwide; however, the specific effects of seasonal and extreme temperature accumulation on seedling development remain poorly understood.AimsWe investigated the phenological responses of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. seedlings to seasonal warming in an open-field experiment in South Korea.MethodsOne hundred eight 1-year-old seedlings were subjected to four treatments: spring–fall warming (WSF), summer warming (WS), consistent warming (W), and control (C). We assessed spring needle unfolding and lammas shoot development, including occurrence and needle elongation stages.ResultsElevated spring temperatures advanced spring needle unfolding in WSF and W with 80% and 86% of seedlings reaching needle elongation over 1 cm in May. First lammas shoots commenced development in July, with occurrence rates exceeding 95% across warming treatments by October. Rates were consistently higher in WS and W than in WSF and C, though WSF also increased occurrence by late autumn. Second lammas shoots emerged only in September, with greater frequency and more advanced stages in WS and W until November. Cumulative extreme heat exerted the greatest influence on both first and second lammas shoot development.ConclusionThese findings indicate that extreme heat accumulation, rather than elevated mean temperatures alone, is the key determinant of altered lammas shoot formation in P. densiflora.
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BibTeX
@article{jo2026seasonal,
title = {{Seasonal warming alters spring needle unfolding and lammas shoot development in Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. seedlings}},
author = {Heejae Jo and Florent Noulèkoun and Gaeun Kim and Hee-Eun Yoon and Jinseo Kim and Minyoung Kwon and Jeong-Min Lee and Yowhan Son},
journal = {Annals of Forest Science},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.1186/s13595-026-01350-w},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-05731872v1},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Seasonal warming alters spring needle unfolding and lammas shoot development in Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. seedlings
AU - Heejae Jo
AU - Florent Noulèkoun
AU - Gaeun Kim
AU - Hee-Eun Yoon
AU - Jinseo Kim
AU - Minyoung Kwon
AU - Jeong-Min Lee
AU - Yowhan Son
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/31
JO - Annals of Forest Science
DO - 10.1186/s13595-026-01350-w
UR - https://hal.science/hal-05731872v1
AB - Key messageField experiments in South Korea show that warming alters the seedling phenology of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc.. Spring needle unfolding was accelerated by spring warming and influenced by elevated daily maximum temperatures. Cumulative high-temperature exposure strongly accelerated lammas shoot development, highlighting extreme heat as a key driver of climate impacts on lammas shoot occurrence and needle unfolding.ContextClimate warming is reshaping plant phenology worldwide; however, the specific effects of seasonal and extreme temperature accumulation on seedling development remain poorly understood.AimsWe investigated the phenological responses of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. seedlings to seasonal warming in an open-field experiment in South Korea.MethodsOne hundred eight 1-year-old seedlings were subjected to four treatments: spring–fall warming (WSF), summer warming (WS), consistent warming (W), and control (C). We assessed spring needle unfolding and lammas shoot development, including occurrence and needle elongation stages.ResultsElevated spring temperatures advanced spring needle unfolding in WSF and W with 80% and 86% of seedlings reaching needle elongation over 1 cm in May. First lammas shoots commenced development in July, with occurrence rates exceeding 95% across warming treatments by October. Rates were consistently higher in WS and W than in WSF and C, though WSF also increased occurrence by late autumn. Second lammas shoots emerged only in September, with greater frequency and more advanced stages in WS and W until November. Cumulative extreme heat exerted the greatest influence on both first and second lammas shoot development.ConclusionThese findings indicate that extreme heat accumulation, rather than elevated mean temperatures alone, is the key determinant of altered lammas shoot formation in P. densiflora.
SN - 1286-4560
SN - 1297-966X
ER -