Hazelnut Shell-Talc-Carbon Black Hybrid High-Density Polyethylene Biocomposites: Formulation-Property Relationships for Potential Rigid Food-Packaging Applications
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, Yalova 77200, Türkiye
- 2Zamia Composite Research and Development Technology Joint Stock Company, ULUTEK Technopark, Nilüfer 16110, Türkiye
- 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, Yalova 77200, Türkiye
- 4Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Selçuk University, Konya 42075, Türkiye
- 5Research and Development Department, Alterna Gıda Sanayi Pazarlama ve Tic. A.Ş., Akçaburgaz Mah. 592. Sok. No: 8/2, Esenyurt 34522, Türkiye
Abstract
Agricultural residues offer opportunities to reduce virgin polymer consumption, although balancing mechanical performance, thermal stability, and processability in multicomponent composites remains challenging. This study developed high-density polyethylene (HDPE) hybrid biocomposites incorporating hazelnut-shell (HS) powder, talc, a carbonaceous additive, and maleic-anhydride-modified linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-MA) through sequential formulation. Mechanical, physical, processing, thermal, spectroscopic, and morphological properties were evaluated. The formulations exhibited distinct property trade-offs. The HS/talc formulation (PEHSCB4) achieved the highest flexural strength (38.87 MPa), 10.6% above neat HDPE, while maintaining comparable tensile strength. PEHSCB5 exhibited the highest tensile modulus (963.3 MPa) and Shore D hardness (71.8), whereas PEHSCB2 and PEHSCB3 achieved the highest V-notched impact strengths (~29 kJ/m2), compared with 12.78 kJ/m2 for neat HDPE. Melt flow rates ranged from 0.22 to 3.90 g/10 min, with all formulations remaining processable by extrusion and injection molding. Water absorption increased with HS incorporation but remained below 0.36% for all formulations after 240 h of immersion. Thermal analysis revealed formulation-dependent changes in crystallinity and initial degradation behavior. FTIR and SEM confirmed the polyethylene structure and heterogeneous multiphase morphologies. Overall, sequential formulation enabled property tailoring, supporting further evaluation for potential rigid food-packaging applications.
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BibTeX
@article{karagoz2026hazelnut,
title = {{Hazelnut Shell-Talc-Carbon Black Hybrid High-Density Polyethylene Biocomposites: Formulation-Property Relationships for Potential Rigid Food-Packaging Applications}},
author = {İdris Karagöz and Yeliz Karadeniz and Harun Sepetçioğlu and Volkan Daştan and Erdem Çınar},
journal = {Polymers},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/polym18202546},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2546},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Hazelnut Shell-Talc-Carbon Black Hybrid High-Density Polyethylene Biocomposites: Formulation-Property Relationships for Potential Rigid Food-Packaging Applications
AU - İdris Karagöz
AU - Yeliz Karadeniz
AU - Harun Sepetçioğlu
AU - Volkan Daştan
AU - Erdem Çınar
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Polymers
DO - 10.3390/polym18202546
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2546
AB - Agricultural residues offer opportunities to reduce virgin polymer consumption, although balancing mechanical performance, thermal stability, and processability in multicomponent composites remains challenging. This study developed high-density polyethylene (HDPE) hybrid biocomposites incorporating hazelnut-shell (HS) powder, talc, a carbonaceous additive, and maleic-anhydride-modified linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-MA) through sequential formulation. Mechanical, physical, processing, thermal, spectroscopic, and morphological properties were evaluated. The formulations exhibited distinct property trade-offs. The HS/talc formulation (PEHSCB4) achieved the highest flexural strength (38.87 MPa), 10.6% above neat HDPE, while maintaining comparable tensile strength. PEHSCB5 exhibited the highest tensile modulus (963.3 MPa) and Shore D hardness (71.8), whereas PEHSCB2 and PEHSCB3 achieved the highest V-notched impact strengths (~29 kJ/m2), compared with 12.78 kJ/m2 for neat HDPE. Melt flow rates ranged from 0.22 to 3.90 g/10 min, with all formulations remaining processable by extrusion and injection molding. Water absorption increased with HS incorporation but remained below 0.36% for all formulations after 240 h of immersion. Thermal analysis revealed formulation-dependent changes in crystallinity and initial degradation behavior. FTIR and SEM confirmed the polyethylene structure and heterogeneous multiphase morphologies. Overall, sequential formulation enabled property tailoring, supporting further evaluation for potential rigid food-packaging applications.
SN - 2073-4360
ER -