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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDBMC oral health

Assessing the sagittal soft-to-hard tissue change of craniofacial morphology after orthodontic or orthognathic treatment.

  • Zixin Yan1,2,3
  • Yue Xu1,2,3
  • Ye Cao1,2,3
  • Han Bao1,2,3
  • Wenxiu Jiang1,2,3
  • Zhenwei Chen1,2,3
  • Yongchu Pan1,2,3
  • Bin Yan1,2,3
  • Luwei Liu4,5,6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Department of orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, P.R. China.
  2. 2State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, P.R. China.
  3. 3Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Centre of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, P.R. China.
  4. 4Department of orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, P.R. China. [email protected].
  5. 5State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, P.R. China. [email protected].
  6. 6Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Centre of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, P.R. China. [email protected].
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Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to explore sagittal and vertical hard tissue movement's influence on sagittal soft tissue remodeling after orthodontic/orthognathic treatment and quantify maxillomandibular soft-to-hard tissue ratios (SHR).Methods

A search of sagittal craniofacial SHR after orthodontic or orthognathic treatment was conducted through PubMed, Springer Link and ProQuest. NIH risk-of-bias evaluation, heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses were conducted. After selecting the most discussed and strongly correlated SHRs, we examined how sagittal and vertical hard tissue movements affect sagittal soft tissue movements. We then extracted SHRs, magnitudes, and directions of hard and soft tissue movements. SHRs were categorized into distinct groups via cluster analysis, and intergroup variations were evaluated. When significant differences were observed (P < 0.05), a nonlinear curve was used to simulate the ratio; when no significant differences existed (P > 0.05), a linear regression equation was applied.Results

From 2081 original studies, 28 articles were included. The maxillary and mandibular SHRs were determined. Ls∶U1 exhibited differences with U1 movement changes: Ls:U1 = 0.63:1 (0 mm < U1 ≤ 3 mm), 0.39:1 (3 mm < U1 ≤ 8 mm). There were no significant differences among other SHRs of movement magnitudes and directions: (i) soft A point:A point = 1.07:1, (ii) labrale inferius:lower incisor tip = 0.93:1, (iii) soft B point:B point = 0.80:1, (iv) soft pogonion:pogonion = 0.82:1, (v) soft menton:menton = 0.94:1. Sensitivity tests confirmed stable outcomes; confounding factors and measurement repeatability could not be adjusted due to secondary analysis limitations.Conclusions

Most sagittal hard and soft tissue movements exhibited a significant correlation, with the exception of B':Pg and Prn:A. The craniofacial SHR can be influenced by the magnitude of maxillary or mandibular hard tissue movement, but not by different movement directions. Clinicians may select matched SHRs by landmarks and hard tissue displacement.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{yan2026assessing,
  title = {{Assessing the sagittal soft-to-hard tissue change of craniofacial morphology after orthodontic or orthognathic treatment.}},
  author = {Zixin Yan and Yue Xu and Ye Cao and Han Bao and Wenxiu Jiang and Zhenwei Chen and Yongchu Pan and Bin Yan and Luwei Liu},
  journal = {BMC oral health},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.1186/s12903-026-09360-w},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42972322},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Assessing the sagittal soft-to-hard tissue change of craniofacial morphology after orthodontic or orthognathic treatment.
AU  - Zixin Yan
AU  - Yue Xu
AU  - Ye Cao
AU  - Han Bao
AU  - Wenxiu Jiang
AU  - Zhenwei Chen
AU  - Yongchu Pan
AU  - Bin Yan
AU  - Luwei Liu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/05
JO  - BMC oral health
DO  - 10.1186/s12903-026-09360-w
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42972322
AB  - Objective  This study aimed to explore sagittal and vertical hard tissue movement's influence on sagittal soft tissue remodeling after orthodontic/orthognathic treatment and quantify maxillomandibular soft-to-hard tissue ratios (SHR).Methods  A search of sagittal craniofacial SHR after orthodontic or orthognathic treatment was conducted through PubMed, Springer Link and ProQuest. NIH risk-of-bias evaluation, heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses were conducted. After selecting the most discussed and strongly correlated SHRs, we examined how sagittal and vertical hard tissue movements affect sagittal soft tissue movements. We then extracted SHRs, magnitudes, and directions of hard and soft tissue movements. SHRs were categorized into distinct groups via cluster analysis, and intergroup variations were evaluated. When significant differences were observed (P < 0.05), a nonlinear curve was used to simulate the ratio; when no significant differences existed (P > 0.05), a linear regression equation was applied.Results  From 2081 original studies, 28 articles were included. The maxillary and mandibular SHRs were determined. Ls∶U1 exhibited differences with U1 movement changes: Ls:U1 = 0.63:1 (0 mm < U1 ≤ 3 mm), 0.39:1 (3 mm < U1 ≤ 8 mm). There were no significant differences among other SHRs of movement magnitudes and directions: (i) soft A point:A point = 1.07:1, (ii) labrale inferius:lower incisor tip = 0.93:1, (iii) soft B point:B point = 0.80:1, (iv) soft pogonion:pogonion = 0.82:1, (v) soft menton:menton = 0.94:1. Sensitivity tests confirmed stable outcomes; confounding factors and measurement repeatability could not be adjusted due to secondary analysis limitations.Conclusions  Most sagittal hard and soft tissue movements exhibited a significant correlation, with the exception of B':Pg and Prn:A. The craniofacial SHR can be influenced by the magnitude of maxillary or mandibular hard tissue movement, but not by different movement directions. Clinicians may select matched SHRs by landmarks and hard tissue displacement.
SN  - 1472-6831
ER  -