Process-Intensified Pb(II) Removal from Complex Matrices Using an Ultrasound-Assisted Magnetic Fe3O4@γ-Chitosan–Gallic Acid Nanocomposite
5 affiliations
- 1Srinakharinwirot University , , ,
- 2Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon , , ,
- 3Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization) , , ,
- 4Bangkokthonburi University , , Thawi Watthana , ,
- 5Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University , , ,
Abstract
A magnetically recoverable Fe3O4@γ-chitosan-gallic acid (Fe3O4@Chi-GA) nanocomposite was engineered as a sustainable bioadsorbent for Pb(II) removal from complex environmental and consumer matrices. The material was synthesized via sequential surface functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with γ-chitosan and gallic acid, introducing abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups to enhance metal binding affinity. Comprehensive characterization (FTIR, XRD, TG/DTG, TEM, EDS, DLS, and BET) confirmed successful fabrication and favorable physicochemical properties. Ultrasound-assisted adsorption was employed to intensify mass transfer and reduce equilibrium time. The operating conditions governing Pb(II) adsorption were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) employing a central composite design (CCD). At the optimized conditions of 0.02 g adsorbent, 50 °C, 10 min of sonication, and pH 5, an equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) of 16.91 mg g–1 was obtained. Equilibrium data were most appropriately fitted by the Langmuir model, which yielded a maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 19.72 mg g–1 and indicated predominantly monolayer adsorption. Moreover, the pseudo-second-order model provided a strong fit to the kinetic data (R2 = 0.9861), implying that chemical interactions contributed substantially to the adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis further revealed that Pb(II) uptake was spontaneous and endothermic. Importantly, the nanocomposite demonstrated rapid magnetic separation, structural stability, and reusability over six cycles with minimal performance loss. Application to real samples, including beverages, cosmetic products, and wastewater, resulted in Pb(II) removal efficiencies of 75.92–85.40%, highlighting robustness against matrix interference. These findings demonstrate the potential of Fe3O4@Chi-GA as an efficient, reusable, and scalable adsorbent for ultrasound-enhanced heavy metal removal in complex systems.
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BibTeX
@article{klinpratoom2026processintensified,
title = {{Process-Intensified Pb(II) Removal from Complex Matrices Using an Ultrasound-Assisted Magnetic Fe3O4@γ-Chitosan–Gallic Acid Nanocomposite}},
author = {Banpot Klinpratoom and Pattareeya Chaisaowong and Phitchan Sricharoen and Jintapat Nateewattana and Woravith Chansuvarn and Tanutta Amnuaywattanakul and Paisan Kanthang and Anchana Kuttiyawong and Sakchai Laksee and Wilasinee Kingkam and Titiya Meechai and Prawit Nuengmatcha and Kawin Lertlaokul and Nunticha Limchoowong},
journal = {ACS Omega},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6c03761},
url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/41/62632/5446507/Process-Intensified-Pb-II-Removal-from-Complex},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Process-Intensified Pb(II) Removal from Complex Matrices Using an Ultrasound-Assisted Magnetic Fe3O4@γ-Chitosan–Gallic Acid Nanocomposite
AU - Banpot Klinpratoom
AU - Pattareeya Chaisaowong
AU - Phitchan Sricharoen
AU - Jintapat Nateewattana
AU - Woravith Chansuvarn
AU - Tanutta Amnuaywattanakul
AU - Paisan Kanthang
AU - Anchana Kuttiyawong
AU - Sakchai Laksee
AU - Wilasinee Kingkam
AU - Titiya Meechai
AU - Prawit Nuengmatcha
AU - Kawin Lertlaokul
AU - Nunticha Limchoowong
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/07
JO - ACS Omega
DO - 10.1021/acsomega.6c03761
UR - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/41/62632/5446507/Process-Intensified-Pb-II-Removal-from-Complex
AB - A magnetically recoverable Fe3O4@γ-chitosan-gallic acid (Fe3O4@Chi-GA) nanocomposite was engineered as a sustainable bioadsorbent for Pb(II) removal from complex environmental and consumer matrices. The material was synthesized via sequential surface functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with γ-chitosan and gallic acid, introducing abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups to enhance metal binding affinity. Comprehensive characterization (FTIR, XRD, TG/DTG, TEM, EDS, DLS, and BET) confirmed successful fabrication and favorable physicochemical properties. Ultrasound-assisted adsorption was employed to intensify mass transfer and reduce equilibrium time. The operating conditions governing Pb(II) adsorption were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) employing a central composite design (CCD). At the optimized conditions of 0.02 g adsorbent, 50 °C, 10 min of sonication, and pH 5, an equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) of 16.91 mg g–1 was obtained. Equilibrium data were most appropriately fitted by the Langmuir model, which yielded a maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 19.72 mg g–1 and indicated predominantly monolayer adsorption. Moreover, the pseudo-second-order model provided a strong fit to the kinetic data (R2 = 0.9861), implying that chemical interactions contributed substantially to the adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis further revealed that Pb(II) uptake was spontaneous and endothermic. Importantly, the nanocomposite demonstrated rapid magnetic separation, structural stability, and reusability over six cycles with minimal performance loss. Application to real samples, including beverages, cosmetic products, and wastewater, resulted in Pb(II) removal efficiencies of 75.92–85.40%, highlighting robustness against matrix interference. These findings demonstrate the potential of Fe3O4@Chi-GA as an efficient, reusable, and scalable adsorbent for ultrasound-enhanced heavy metal removal in complex systems.
SN - 2470-1343
ER -