Direct numerical simulation of NOx formation in turbulent lean premixed hydrogen-air flames under engine-relevant conditions
Abstract
In this study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) are employed to investigate NOx formation in turbulent lean premixed hydrogen-air flames under engine-relevant conditions. Various turbulence intensities and molecular transport models are examined to isolate the individual impacts of turbulence intensity, Lewis number, and preferential diffusion on local and global NO production. Results show that global NO production is significantly enhanced in all of the turbulent cases, reaching approximately five times the value of the 1D steady flame at a mixture residence time of 0.1 ms. Increasing turbulence intensity is found to have three competing effects on NO formation: (1) it strengthens turbulence-instability interactions by inducing local super-adiabatic hot spots and elevating the concentrations of key flame radicals within the flame brush, thereby promoting the NO reaction rate locally; (2) it accelerates the turbulent flame speed, reducing the flame-brush residence time and thus suppressing NO production globally; and (3) it reduces post-flame temperature fluctuations, suppressing thermal NO enhancement in the post-flame zone. As a result, the global NO production is slightly lower at higher turbulence intensities among all the turbulent cases considered. Lewis number effects are identified as the primary mechanism driving thermodiffusive NO enhancement, with preferential diffusion playing a secondary role, as evidenced by the nearly identical mean profiles of the NO reaction rate between unity Lewis number turbulent flames and their 1D steady flame counterparts in both the progress variable space and the residence time space. Finally, an excellent correlation between the peak conditional mean NO reaction rate and the stretch factor is identified, and a conceptual model is proposed to improve the predictions of global NO production in practical engine simulations.
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BibTeX
@misc{xu2026direct,
title = {{Direct numerical simulation of NOx formation in turbulent lean premixed hydrogen-air flames under engine-relevant conditions}},
author = {Chao Xu and Yiqing Wang and Riccardo Scarcelli},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.26435},
eprint = {2608.26435},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26435},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Direct numerical simulation of NOx formation in turbulent lean premixed hydrogen-air flames under engine-relevant conditions
AU - Chao Xu
AU - Yiqing Wang
AU - Riccardo Scarcelli
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/04
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.26435
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26435
AB - In this study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) are employed to investigate NOx formation in turbulent lean premixed hydrogen-air flames under engine-relevant conditions. Various turbulence intensities and molecular transport models are examined to isolate the individual impacts of turbulence intensity, Lewis number, and preferential diffusion on local and global NO production. Results show that global NO production is significantly enhanced in all of the turbulent cases, reaching approximately five times the value of the 1D steady flame at a mixture residence time of 0.1 ms. Increasing turbulence intensity is found to have three competing effects on NO formation: (1) it strengthens turbulence-instability interactions by inducing local super-adiabatic hot spots and elevating the concentrations of key flame radicals within the flame brush, thereby promoting the NO reaction rate locally; (2) it accelerates the turbulent flame speed, reducing the flame-brush residence time and thus suppressing NO production globally; and (3) it reduces post-flame temperature fluctuations, suppressing thermal NO enhancement in the post-flame zone. As a result, the global NO production is slightly lower at higher turbulence intensities among all the turbulent cases considered. Lewis number effects are identified as the primary mechanism driving thermodiffusive NO enhancement, with preferential diffusion playing a secondary role, as evidenced by the nearly identical mean profiles of the NO reaction rate between unity Lewis number turbulent flames and their 1D steady flame counterparts in both the progress variable space and the residence time space. Finally, an excellent correlation between the peak conditional mean NO reaction rate and the stretch factor is identified, and a conceptual model is proposed to improve the predictions of global NO production in practical engine simulations.
ER -