Theoretical Aspects of Direct Waves in Kerr Black Holes: Pole-Splitting Method for Ringdown Analysis
Abstract
We develop a theoretical description of direct waves (DWs) from a particle plunging into a Kerr black hole in the extreme-mass-ratio regime. A DW is characterized by a source-driven complex frequency ωG that reflects the particle's orbital motion, including motion inside the ergoregion. Hence, it is expected to be a probe of rich structures of Kerr black holes. We show that the contribution of the quasinormal-mode (QNM) pole sector to the DW is part of dynamical QNM excitation. We also show that the apparent horizon-mode poles cancel at every order of a consistent near-horizon expansion of the trajectory, homogeneous radial solution, and complete point-particle source. This result assumes that the point particle follows a geodesic near the horizon and leaves open the possibility of a transient DW while the particle passes near the ergosurface or the vicinity of the potential barrier. To investigate this possibility in simulated plunge waveforms, we develop a pole-splitting method that decomposes the transfer function into QNM-pole and non-pole parts. The resulting waveform decomposition avoids the frequency-dependent time shift (group delay) introduced by the QNM filtering. For quasi-circular plunges into moderately and rapidly rotating Kerr black holes, the frequency and decay rate of the non-pole waveform show qualitative agreement with our theoretical prediction over finite time intervals. These results support the potential use of DWs as probes of the ergoregion and gravitational redshift effect around black holes.
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BibTeX
@misc{nakamoto2026theoretical,
title = {{Theoretical Aspects of Direct Waves in Kerr Black Holes: Pole-Splitting Method for Ringdown Analysis}},
author = {Nao Nakamoto and Naritaka Oshita and Hiroki Takeda},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.11908},
eprint = {2609.11908},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11908},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Theoretical Aspects of Direct Waves in Kerr Black Holes: Pole-Splitting Method for Ringdown Analysis
AU - Nao Nakamoto
AU - Naritaka Oshita
AU - Hiroki Takeda
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.11908
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11908
AB - We develop a theoretical description of direct waves (DWs) from a particle plunging into a Kerr black hole in the extreme-mass-ratio regime. A DW is characterized by a source-driven complex frequency ω_G that reflects the particle's orbital motion, including motion inside the ergoregion. Hence, it is expected to be a probe of rich structures of Kerr black holes. We show that the contribution of the quasinormal-mode (QNM) pole sector to the DW is part of dynamical QNM excitation. We also show that the apparent horizon-mode poles cancel at every order of a consistent near-horizon expansion of the trajectory, homogeneous radial solution, and complete point-particle source. This result assumes that the point particle follows a geodesic near the horizon and leaves open the possibility of a transient DW while the particle passes near the ergosurface or the vicinity of the potential barrier. To investigate this possibility in simulated plunge waveforms, we develop a pole-splitting method that decomposes the transfer function into QNM-pole and non-pole parts. The resulting waveform decomposition avoids the frequency-dependent time shift (group delay) introduced by the QNM filtering. For quasi-circular plunges into moderately and rapidly rotating Kerr black holes, the frequency and decay rate of the non-pole waveform show qualitative agreement with our theoretical prediction over finite time intervals. These results support the potential use of DWs as probes of the ergoregion and gravitational redshift effect around black holes.
ER -