Registered Report: Replication and Extension of Nozaradan et al. (2011)
18 affiliations
- 1University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
- 2University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada;
- 3University of Western Ontario
- 4University of Nevada Las Vegas
- 5Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York
- 6University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
- 7University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 8Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts
- 9Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark
- 10Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 11Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- 12Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- 13Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- 14Northeastern University - Boston Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
- 15The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 16Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee
- 17HEI-LAB, Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal
- 18Aston University, Birmingham, England
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience has long sought to disentangle stimulus-driven processing from conscious perceptual processing. Some prior evidence for neural processing of perceived musical beat (periodic pulse) may be confounded by stimulus-driven activity. Notably, Nozaradan et al. (2011) controlled for stimulus factors and used frequency tagging to show increased brain activity at imagery-related frequencies when listeners imagined a beat pattern during an isochronous stimulus. However, it remains unclear whether this effect is replicable and whether it reliably reflects conscious beat perception. This registered report presents 13 independent replications using the same vetted protocol. Listeners performed the same experimental paradigm as in Nozaradan et al. (2011), with an added behavioral task on each trial to assess conscious perception of the imagined beat. Pre-registered meta-analyses revealed smaller raw effect sizes of imagery condition (Binary: 0.03 µV, Ternary: 0.03 µV) than the original study (Binary: 0.12 µV, Ternary: 0.20 µV), with confidence intervals all overlapping with 0. Differences in full-sample estimated effect sizes (this study: n = 152, η p 2 = .03–.04; 2011 study: n = 8, η p 2 = .62– .76) suggest larger sample sizes are necessary to detect these effects reliably, if they exist. Additionally, only neural activity at the stimulus frequency predicted imagery task accuracy, contradicting our hypothesis that beat-related frequencies would predict performance. Our findings suggest an overall failure to replicate all main effects from the original study. We discuss potential reasons for discrepancies with the original study as well as implications for the utility of frequency tagging for studying beat perception.
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BibTeX
@article{nave2026registered,
title = {{Registered Report: Replication and Extension of Nozaradan et al. (2011)}},
author = {Karli M. Nave and Erin E. Hannon and Joel S. Snyder and Emma Alexandrov and Sarah C. Allen and Fernando Barbosa and Mara Breen and Alexandre Celma-Miralles and Thibault Chain and Joshua R. de Leeuw and Fernando Ferreira-Santos and Ahren B. Fitzroy and Ningyao Geng and Sean A. Gilmore and Reyna L. Gordon and Jessica A. Grahn and Paz Har-Shai Yahav and Kiara Holm and Falk Huettig and Anne Keitel and Christian Keitel and Eniko Ladanyi and Yiguang Liu and Psyche Loui and Grace A. Lourie and Inês Macedo and Cyrille L. Magne and Cecilie Møller and David Moreau and Srishti Nayak and Markus Ostarek and Dingyi Pan and Rita Pasion and Mariana R. Pereira and Danna S. Pinto and Eva D. Poort and Meg Renzelman and Frank A. Russo and Jan Stupacher and Parker Tichko and Lucy Wight and Chu Yi Yu and Elana M. Zion Golumbic},
journal = {Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1177/25152459261443491},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459261443491},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Registered Report: Replication and Extension of Nozaradan et al. (2011)
AU - Karli M. Nave
AU - Erin E. Hannon
AU - Joel S. Snyder
AU - Emma Alexandrov
AU - Sarah C. Allen
AU - Fernando Barbosa
AU - Mara Breen
AU - Alexandre Celma-Miralles
AU - Thibault Chain
AU - Joshua R. de Leeuw
AU - Fernando Ferreira-Santos
AU - Ahren B. Fitzroy
AU - Ningyao Geng
AU - Sean A. Gilmore
AU - Reyna L. Gordon
AU - Jessica A. Grahn
AU - Paz Har-Shai Yahav
AU - Kiara Holm
AU - Falk Huettig
AU - Anne Keitel
AU - Christian Keitel
AU - Eniko Ladanyi
AU - Yiguang Liu
AU - Psyche Loui
AU - Grace A. Lourie
AU - Inês Macedo
AU - Cyrille L. Magne
AU - Cecilie Møller
AU - David Moreau
AU - Srishti Nayak
AU - Markus Ostarek
AU - Dingyi Pan
AU - Rita Pasion
AU - Mariana R. Pereira
AU - Danna S. Pinto
AU - Eva D. Poort
AU - Meg Renzelman
AU - Frank A. Russo
AU - Jan Stupacher
AU - Parker Tichko
AU - Lucy Wight
AU - Chu Yi Yu
AU - Elana M. Zion Golumbic
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science
DO - 10.1177/25152459261443491
UR - https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459261443491
AB - Cognitive neuroscience has long sought to disentangle stimulus-driven processing from conscious perceptual processing. Some prior evidence for neural processing of perceived musical beat (periodic pulse) may be confounded by stimulus-driven activity. Notably, Nozaradan et al. (2011) controlled for stimulus factors and used frequency tagging to show increased brain activity at imagery-related frequencies when listeners imagined a beat pattern during an isochronous stimulus. However, it remains unclear whether this effect is replicable and whether it reliably reflects conscious beat perception. This registered report presents 13 independent replications using the same vetted protocol. Listeners performed the same experimental paradigm as in Nozaradan et al. (2011), with an added behavioral task on each trial to assess conscious perception of the imagined beat. Pre-registered meta-analyses revealed smaller raw effect sizes of imagery condition (Binary: 0.03 µV, Ternary: 0.03 µV) than the original study (Binary: 0.12 µV, Ternary: 0.20 µV), with confidence intervals all overlapping with 0. Differences in full-sample estimated effect sizes (this study: n = 152, η p 2 = .03–.04; 2011 study: n = 8, η p 2 = .62– .76) suggest larger sample sizes are necessary to detect these effects reliably, if they exist. Additionally, only neural activity at the stimulus frequency predicted imagery task accuracy, contradicting our hypothesis that beat-related frequencies would predict performance. Our findings suggest an overall failure to replicate all main effects from the original study. We discuss potential reasons for discrepancies with the original study as well as implications for the utility of frequency tagging for studying beat perception.
SN - 2515-2459
SN - 2515-2467
ER -