Interface-driven second harmonic generation in indium tin oxide/gold nanolayers: density and mass discontinuities matter
Abstract
Second harmonic generation from transparent conductive oxides and metals is traditionally attributed to Coulomb, magnetic Lorentz, and convective sources. We show that this picture is incomplete in deeply subwavelength indium tin oxide/gold bilayers. Measurements reveal two robust spectral features, a broad maximum near 1000 nm and an epsilon-near-zero peak near 1350 nm, that persist across wide variations in material and excitation parameters. Hydrodynamic-Maxwell simulations identify an interface-specific convective mechanism activated by freeelectron density and effective-mass discontinuities at the oxide-metal boundary. As electronic homogenization develops across the bilayer, the response evolves toward one described by conventional Coulomb, Lorentz, and leading convective terms. These results establish second harmonic generation as a sensitive probe of interface-driven nonlinearities and suggest a broader role for electronic discontinuities in shaping nonlinear optical processes at surface and buried material interfaces.
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BibTeX
@misc{arya2026interfacedriven,
title = {{Interface-driven second harmonic generation in indium tin oxide/gold nanolayers: density and mass discontinuities matter}},
author = {J. Arya and D. Ramonell and J. Trull and N. Akozbek and M. Scalora and C. Cojocaru},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.09471},
eprint = {2611.09471},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.09471},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Interface-driven second harmonic generation in indium tin oxide/gold nanolayers: density and mass discontinuities matter
AU - J. Arya
AU - D. Ramonell
AU - J. Trull
AU - N. Akozbek
AU - M. Scalora
AU - C. Cojocaru
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/06
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.09471
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.09471
AB - Second harmonic generation from transparent conductive oxides and metals is traditionally attributed to Coulomb, magnetic Lorentz, and convective sources. We show that this picture is incomplete in deeply subwavelength indium tin oxide/gold bilayers. Measurements reveal two robust spectral features, a broad maximum near 1000 nm and an epsilon-near-zero peak near 1350 nm, that persist across wide variations in material and excitation parameters. Hydrodynamic-Maxwell simulations identify an interface-specific convective mechanism activated by freeelectron density and effective-mass discontinuities at the oxide-metal boundary. As electronic homogenization develops across the bilayer, the response evolves toward one described by conventional Coulomb, Lorentz, and leading convective terms. These results establish second harmonic generation as a sensitive probe of interface-driven nonlinearities and suggest a broader role for electronic discontinuities in shaping nonlinear optical processes at surface and buried material interfaces.
ER -