Household Health Behaviors as Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Symptoms in Toddlers
- 1Post Graduate Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
- 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract
Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age. Parental health-related behaviors, including smoking, handwashing with soap, and household ventilation, are potential modifiable risk factors. This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2024, examined the association between these behaviors and pneumonia incidence among children under five. Data were collected from children with and without pneumonia, and bivariate analysis was performed using Chi-square tests and Odds Ratio (OR) estimation. Results showed that parental smoking had an OR of 4.889 (p = 0.100), handwashing with soap before feeding an OR of 2.471 (p = 0.193), handwashing before eating an OR of 1.843 (p = 0.452), and handwashing after defecation or urination an OR of 3.159 (p = 0.297). Window opening and closing habits showed a protective tendency with an OR of 0.328 (p = 0.273). Although all p-values were >0.05, indicating no statistically significant associations, the OR magnitudes suggest a potential increased risk of pneumonia linked to unfavorable parental behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy household practices, including smoke-free environments, proper hand hygiene, and adequate ventilation, as essential strategies for preventing pneumonia in children.
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BibTeX
@article{wardono2026household,
title = {{Household Health Behaviors as Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Symptoms in Toddlers}},
author = {Hari Wardono and R Susanti and Yuni Wijayanti and Widya Hary Cahyati},
journal = {KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.15294/kemas.v22i1.45166},
url = {https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v22i1.45166},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Household Health Behaviors as Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Symptoms in Toddlers
AU - Hari Wardono
AU - R Susanti
AU - Yuni Wijayanti
AU - Widya Hary Cahyati
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
JO - KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat
DO - 10.15294/kemas.v22i1.45166
UR - https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v22i1.45166
AB - Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age. Parental health-related behaviors, including smoking, handwashing with soap, and household ventilation, are potential modifiable risk factors. This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2024, examined the association between these behaviors and pneumonia incidence among children under five. Data were collected from children with and without pneumonia, and bivariate analysis was performed using Chi-square tests and Odds Ratio (OR) estimation. Results showed that parental smoking had an OR of 4.889 (p = 0.100), handwashing with soap before feeding an OR of 2.471 (p = 0.193), handwashing before eating an OR of 1.843 (p = 0.452), and handwashing after defecation or urination an OR of 3.159 (p = 0.297). Window opening and closing habits showed a protective tendency with an OR of 0.328 (p = 0.273). Although all p-values were >0.05, indicating no statistically significant associations, the OR magnitudes suggest a potential increased risk of pneumonia linked to unfavorable parental behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy household practices, including smoke-free environments, proper hand hygiene, and adequate ventilation, as essential strategies for preventing pneumonia in children.
SN - 1858-1196
SN - 2355-3596
ER -