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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Advanced Science

Flooding‐Driven Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Global Upland Croplands

  • Shuilian Bi1
  • Zhifeng Yan1,2
  • Zhengkui Ge1
  • Si‐Liang Li1,2
  • Guirui Yu3
  • Cong‐Qiang Liu1,2,4
  • Hanqin Tian5
  • Pete Smith6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Institute of Surface‐Earth System Science School of Earth System Science Tianjin University Tianjin China
  2. 2Critical Zone Observatory of Bohai Coastal Region Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim Tianjin University Tianjin China
  3. 3Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
  4. 4Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Tianjin China
  5. 5Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society Boston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts USA
  6. 6Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
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Abstract

Greenhouse gas emissions from temporarily flooded upland croplands remain poorly characterized in the global greenhouse gas budget. We combined field measurements from 11 maize‐field sites temporarily flooded across the North China Plain with a global synthesis of 23 flooded upland cropland sites to quantify diffusive emissions. Flooded croplands release high fluxes of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane, with emission factors exceeding relevant Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defaults for rice paddies and newly flooded lands. Extrapolating site‐level fluxes from limited observations over the estimated global area of flooded upland cropland and mean flooding duration yields a mean of 63.3 teragrams (Tg) of carbon dioxide‐equivalent (CO2‐eq) emissions per year during the standing‐water flooding periods, comprising 7.2 (1.7–17.2), 34.6 (9.0–83.7), and 21.5 (6.2–45.6) Tg from nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane, respectively. Temporarily flooded upland croplands are therefore identified as a previously overlooked component of the global greenhouse gas budget, providing an empirical basis for incorporating flood‐driven emissions into future agricultural inventories.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{bi2026floodingdriven,
  title = {{Flooding‐Driven Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Global Upland Croplands}},
  author = {Shuilian Bi and Zhifeng Yan and Zhengkui Ge and Si‐Liang Li and Guirui Yu and Cong‐Qiang Liu and Hanqin Tian and Pete Smith},
  journal = {Advanced Science},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1002/advs.78387},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.78387},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Flooding‐Driven Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Global Upland Croplands
AU  - Shuilian Bi
AU  - Zhifeng Yan
AU  - Zhengkui Ge
AU  - Si‐Liang Li
AU  - Guirui Yu
AU  - Cong‐Qiang Liu
AU  - Hanqin Tian
AU  - Pete Smith
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/26
JO  - Advanced Science
DO  - 10.1002/advs.78387
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.78387
AB  - Greenhouse gas emissions from temporarily flooded upland croplands remain poorly characterized in the global greenhouse gas budget. We combined field measurements from 11 maize‐field sites temporarily flooded across the North China Plain with a global synthesis of 23 flooded upland cropland sites to quantify diffusive emissions. Flooded croplands release high fluxes of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane, with emission factors exceeding relevant Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defaults for rice paddies and newly flooded lands. Extrapolating site‐level fluxes from limited observations over the estimated global area of flooded upland cropland and mean flooding duration yields a mean of 63.3 teragrams (Tg) of carbon dioxide‐equivalent (CO2‐eq) emissions per year during the standing‐water flooding periods, comprising 7.2 (1.7–17.2), 34.6 (9.0–83.7), and 21.5 (6.2–45.6) Tg from nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane, respectively. Temporarily flooded upland croplands are therefore identified as a previously overlooked component of the global greenhouse gas budget, providing an empirical basis for incorporating flood‐driven emissions into future agricultural inventories.
SN  - 2198-3844
ER  -