Continuous Representation Theory of the Hierarchical Equations of Motion
Abstract
The numerical stability of the hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) depends on the representation of their Liouvillian. Here, we introduce a continuous gauge freedom through a generalized Bogoliubov transformation with the parameter r. It subsumes earlier phase space stabilization methods as special cases and explains both their stabilizing mechanism and their limitations. We find that gauge optimization balances the suppression of hierarchy growth against errors in reconstructing the reduced density operator, and show that the factor e2r−1 controls the feedback strength, with earlier methods located at the boundary for reconstruction-error amplification, r=1/2ln 2. For spin-boson models, this boundary gauge recovers known stabilizations for undamped and weakly damped modes. In the weakly damped case, an interior gauge further reduces the trace error by more than an order of magnitude. For the Holstein model, interior gauges reduce trace drift by about an order of magnitude relative to the previously adopted fixed representation at the same bond dimension. This improvement stabilizes error-sensitive calculations of equilibrium autocorrelation functions. Our formulation thus extends fixed stabilization methods to a continuous family of HEOM representations generated by linear canonical transformations, and establishes a framework for improving numerical stability and accuracy through continuous gauge selection.
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BibTeX
@misc{li2026continuous,
title = {{Continuous Representation Theory of the Hierarchical Equations of Motion}},
author = {Tianchu Li and Pranay Venkatesh and Andrés Montoya-Castillo},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.37953},
eprint = {2610.37953},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37953},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Continuous Representation Theory of the Hierarchical Equations of Motion
AU - Tianchu Li
AU - Pranay Venkatesh
AU - Andrés Montoya-Castillo
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.37953
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37953
AB - The numerical stability of the hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) depends on the representation of their Liouvillian. Here, we introduce a continuous gauge freedom through a generalized Bogoliubov transformation with the parameter r. It subsumes earlier phase space stabilization methods as special cases and explains both their stabilizing mechanism and their limitations. We find that gauge optimization balances the suppression of hierarchy growth against errors in reconstructing the reduced density operator, and show that the factor e^2r−1 controls the feedback strength, with earlier methods located at the boundary for reconstruction-error amplification, r=1/2ln 2. For spin-boson models, this boundary gauge recovers known stabilizations for undamped and weakly damped modes. In the weakly damped case, an interior gauge further reduces the trace error by more than an order of magnitude. For the Holstein model, interior gauges reduce trace drift by about an order of magnitude relative to the previously adopted fixed representation at the same bond dimension. This improvement stabilizes error-sensitive calculations of equilibrium autocorrelation functions. Our formulation thus extends fixed stabilization methods to a continuous family of HEOM representations generated by linear canonical transformations, and establishes a framework for improving numerical stability and accuracy through continuous gauge selection.
ER -