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Peer-reviewedCC BYViruses

Five Years After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Changing Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and Seasonal Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults.

  • Mustafa Usanmaz1
  • Özgür Günal1
  • Burcu Özdemir2
  • Esra Arslan Aksu2
  • Savaş Gegin3
  • Muhammed Abdullah2
  • İkra Nur Gergin2
  • Furkan Ata2
  • Merve Meryem Öztürk1
  • Meltem Karslıoğlu1
  • Esmeray Mutlu Yılmaz4
  • Ayşe Şenbaba Kara1
2 more authors
  • Ayşe Banu Ceviz1
  • Levent Özdemir2
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Canik Campus, 55080 Samsun, Türkiye.
  2. 2Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Canik Campus, 55080 Samsun, Türkiye.
  3. 3Department of Pulmonology, Samsun City Hospital, 55080 Samsun, Türkiye.
  4. 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Samsun City Hospital, 55080 Samsun, Türkiye.
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Abstract

Pandemic non-pharmaceutical interventions disrupted seasonal respiratory virus circulation, but longer-term pathogen-specific patterns in hospitalized adults remain incompletely defined. We evaluated detections across three nonconsecutive respiratory seasons from early relaxation of pandemic measures to five years after pandemic onset. This retrospective, observational, single-center cohort study included 2249 adults hospitalized with pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, or asthma exacerbation who underwent multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing in September 2021-May 2022, September 2022-May 2023, or September 2025-May 2026. Influenza A positivity peaked in the second period (12.6%) and decreased to 6.8% in the third (p < 0.001). SARS-CoV-2 likewise peaked in the second period (9.2%) and declined to 1.5% in the third (p < 0.001). Respiratory syncytial virus increased from 0.5% in the first period to 4.9% and 3.8% in the second and third periods, respectively (p < 0.001). Positivity for other respiratory viruses did not differ (16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.1%; p = 0.308). Viral co-detection was highest in the second period (6.1% vs. 2.6% and 2.8%; p < 0.001). Respiratory virus epidemiology remained dynamic five years after pandemic onset, supporting sustained multi-pathogen surveillance.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{usanmaz2026five,
  title = {{Five Years After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Changing Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and Seasonal Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults.}},
  author = {Mustafa Usanmaz and Özgür Günal and Burcu Özdemir and Esra Arslan Aksu and Savaş Gegin and Muhammed Abdullah and İkra Nur Gergin and Furkan Ata and Merve Meryem Öztürk and Meltem Karslıoğlu and Esmeray Mutlu Yılmaz and Ayşe Şenbaba Kara and Ayşe Banu Ceviz and Levent Özdemir},
  journal = {Viruses},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.3390/v18101057},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42943978},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Five Years After the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Changing Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and Seasonal Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults.
AU  - Mustafa Usanmaz
AU  - Özgür Günal
AU  - Burcu Özdemir
AU  - Esra Arslan Aksu
AU  - Savaş Gegin
AU  - Muhammed Abdullah
AU  - İkra Nur Gergin
AU  - Furkan Ata
AU  - Merve Meryem Öztürk
AU  - Meltem Karslıoğlu
AU  - Esmeray Mutlu Yılmaz
AU  - Ayşe Şenbaba Kara
AU  - Ayşe Banu Ceviz
AU  - Levent Özdemir
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/24
JO  - Viruses
DO  - 10.3390/v18101057
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42943978
AB  - Pandemic non-pharmaceutical interventions disrupted seasonal respiratory virus circulation, but longer-term pathogen-specific patterns in hospitalized adults remain incompletely defined. We evaluated detections across three nonconsecutive respiratory seasons from early relaxation of pandemic measures to five years after pandemic onset. This retrospective, observational, single-center cohort study included 2249 adults hospitalized with pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, or asthma exacerbation who underwent multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing in September 2021-May 2022, September 2022-May 2023, or September 2025-May 2026. Influenza A positivity peaked in the second period (12.6%) and decreased to 6.8% in the third (p < 0.001). SARS-CoV-2 likewise peaked in the second period (9.2%) and declined to 1.5% in the third (p < 0.001). Respiratory syncytial virus increased from 0.5% in the first period to 4.9% and 3.8% in the second and third periods, respectively (p < 0.001). Positivity for other respiratory viruses did not differ (16.0%, 16.9%, and 19.1%; p = 0.308). Viral co-detection was highest in the second period (6.1% vs. 2.6% and 2.8%; p < 0.001). Respiratory virus epidemiology remained dynamic five years after pandemic onset, supporting sustained multi-pathogen surveillance.
SN  - 1999-4915
ER  -