One-dimensional second-gradient elasticity: pantograph-inspired energies and solitary waves
Abstract
We present a self-contained formulation of longitudinal motion in one-dimensional second-gradient continua. Starting from finite-strain kinematics, we then apply the Principle of Virtual Power to identify the governing field equation and contact actions, derive the balance laws, and establish the mechanical-energy identity for hyperelastic materials. Motivated by pantographic microstructures, we study a class of finite-strain energies formulated in terms of normalized strain measures and deformation-dependent strain-gradient moduli. For the associated equation of motion, a traveling-wave first integral yields a turning-point criterion for the existence of solitary waves with positive stretch, exponential decay, and finite mechanical energy, as well as uniqueness at each fixed speed within a prescribed strain interval. For suitable spring energies, a change of strain variable reduces this integral to a polynomial equation, yielding explicit tensile and compressive profiles for Green--Lagrange and Hencky strains under appropriate parameter and kinematic conditions. Under the positivity condition on the quartic potential, the constructed Hencky energy has several physically natural properties: it is nonnegative, admits the natural state as its unique zero and global minimizer, has a positive linearized modulus, penalizes stretch gradients, and diverges under both material collapse and unlimited extension. Furthermore, the stored energy is coercive with respect to the H1 norm of logarithmic strain. Together with mechanical-energy conservation, this yields uniform upper and positive lower bounds on stretch throughout the lifespan of smooth solutions. The theory's accessible mechanical origin, relatively simple mathematical foundation, and diverse solitary waves offer a tractable entry point to studying the rich nonlinear dispersive equations governing higher-gradient elastic continua.
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BibTeX
@misc{hallyburton2026onedimensional,
title = {{One-dimensional second-gradient elasticity: pantograph-inspired energies and solitary waves}},
author = {R. S. Hallyburton and I. Giorgio and C. Rodriguez},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.36198},
eprint = {2610.36198},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36198},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - One-dimensional second-gradient elasticity: pantograph-inspired energies and solitary waves
AU - R. S. Hallyburton
AU - I. Giorgio
AU - C. Rodriguez
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/26
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.36198
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36198
AB - We present a self-contained formulation of longitudinal motion in one-dimensional second-gradient continua. Starting from finite-strain kinematics, we then apply the Principle of Virtual Power to identify the governing field equation and contact actions, derive the balance laws, and establish the mechanical-energy identity for hyperelastic materials. Motivated by pantographic microstructures, we study a class of finite-strain energies formulated in terms of normalized strain measures and deformation-dependent strain-gradient moduli. For the associated equation of motion, a traveling-wave first integral yields a turning-point criterion for the existence of solitary waves with positive stretch, exponential decay, and finite mechanical energy, as well as uniqueness at each fixed speed within a prescribed strain interval. For suitable spring energies, a change of strain variable reduces this integral to a polynomial equation, yielding explicit tensile and compressive profiles for Green--Lagrange and Hencky strains under appropriate parameter and kinematic conditions. Under the positivity condition on the quartic potential, the constructed Hencky energy has several physically natural properties: it is nonnegative, admits the natural state as its unique zero and global minimizer, has a positive linearized modulus, penalizes stretch gradients, and diverges under both material collapse and unlimited extension. Furthermore, the stored energy is coercive with respect to the H^1 norm of logarithmic strain. Together with mechanical-energy conservation, this yields uniform upper and positive lower bounds on stretch throughout the lifespan of smooth solutions. The theory's accessible mechanical origin, relatively simple mathematical foundation, and diverse solitary waves offer a tractable entry point to studying the rich nonlinear dispersive equations governing higher-gradient elastic continua.
ER -