Shot-based variational simulation of the toric code phase transition: Energy, global entanglement, and noise resilience
Abstract
We investigate the capability of variational quantum circuits in detecting a topological phase transition within the toric code model subjected to a uniform magnetic field. The detection is carried out via shot-based computations of both the ground state energy and the global entanglement. We begin by employing well-established renormalization techniques to construct a quantum circuit that accurately represents the pure toric code under periodic boundary condition. This circuit is subsequently parameterized to enable a shot-based variational simulation of the ground state in the presence of the magnetic field. Our results demonstrate that even for the minimal lattice sizes and a finite number of measurement shots, the ground state energy exhibits a distinct singularity at the transition point which can be reliably approximated through finite-size scaling analysis. Furthermore, we introduce a secondary variational circuit designed to compute the global entanglement of the generated ground state. We observe that both global entanglement and its conditional counterpart display the expected qualitative behavior at the transition point, consistent with the topological nature of the phase transition. To evaluate the practical viability of our variational approach on real quantum hardware, we systematically examine the detrimental effects of gate noise on the analysis. We find that the topological phase exhibits a notable robustness against noise, manifesting as a linear decrease in the transition point with increasing noise strength.
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BibTeX
@misc{zarei2026shotbased,
title = {{Shot-based variational simulation of the toric code phase transition: Energy, global entanglement, and noise resilience}},
author = {Hayede Zarei and Mohammad Hossein Zarei},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.13748},
eprint = {2609.13748},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13748},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Shot-based variational simulation of the toric code phase transition: Energy, global entanglement, and noise resilience
AU - Hayede Zarei
AU - Mohammad Hossein Zarei
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/12
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.13748
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13748
AB - We investigate the capability of variational quantum circuits in detecting a topological phase transition within the toric code model subjected to a uniform magnetic field. The detection is carried out via shot-based computations of both the ground state energy and the global entanglement. We begin by employing well-established renormalization techniques to construct a quantum circuit that accurately represents the pure toric code under periodic boundary condition. This circuit is subsequently parameterized to enable a shot-based variational simulation of the ground state in the presence of the magnetic field. Our results demonstrate that even for the minimal lattice sizes and a finite number of measurement shots, the ground state energy exhibits a distinct singularity at the transition point which can be reliably approximated through finite-size scaling analysis. Furthermore, we introduce a secondary variational circuit designed to compute the global entanglement of the generated ground state. We observe that both global entanglement and its conditional counterpart display the expected qualitative behavior at the transition point, consistent with the topological nature of the phase transition. To evaluate the practical viability of our variational approach on real quantum hardware, we systematically examine the detrimental effects of gate noise on the analysis. We find that the topological phase exhibits a notable robustness against noise, manifesting as a linear decrease in the transition point with increasing noise strength.
ER -