Adaptive load frequency control for hydrogen integrated power networks
4 affiliations
- 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Dev BHOOMI Uttarakhand University
- 2Uttaranchal Institute of Technology (UIT), Uttaranchal University
- 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assosa University
- 4Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University
Abstract
Expansion in renewable energy resources and transitioning to low-carbon power systems lead to advanced frequency control methods that include efficient, stable, and sustainable platforms. This work proposes Hydrogen-integrated Adaptive Load Frequency Control (ALFC) for operation both on-grid and islanded power systems. It integrates hydrogen fuel cells, electrolyzers, and H2EV aggregators for a single adaptive control structure to enhance dynamic frequency regulation and optimize resource utilization of hydrogen. A linearized state-space model is formulated for system stability, under which pole-dominance is explored through eigenvalue analysis. All dominant poles are in the left half of the complex plane, meaning that it is asymptotically stable under both modes. Lyapunov is further applied, acknowledging global asymptotic and Bounded Input Bounded Output Stability (BIBO) for nonlinear stability. Experimental performance validation revealed significant enhancement relative to classical LFC systems, with respective 59%, 61%, and 51% reductions in ITAE, ISE, and RMSE. This suggests a quick settling time and minimizes oscillating behaviors. Sensitivity analysis is conducted for uncertainties in the parameters with respect to governor dynamics, fuel cell gain variability in the hydrogen source, EV participation fluctuations, and load disturbances to guarantee its robust control performance without any stability degradation. Energy utilization efficiency is close to 84% in the two modes of operation and looks even more promising with a decrease in hydrogen scheduling of almost 23%. These results prove the robust as well as efficiency impacts of ALFC integrated with hydrogen, thus improving the stability characterized by enhancing frequency stability, robustness, and hydrogen optimization for sustainable grid operation. Therefore, it is a promising adaptive solution to future renewable-dominated smart-power systems.
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BibTeX
@article{tripathi2026adaptive,
title = {{Adaptive load frequency control for hydrogen integrated power networks}},
author = {Swati Kamal Tripathi and Shweta Goyal and Mukesh Kumar and Sandeep Gupta},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-69845-0},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-69845-0},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Adaptive load frequency control for hydrogen integrated power networks
AU - Swati Kamal Tripathi
AU - Shweta Goyal
AU - Mukesh Kumar
AU - Sandeep Gupta
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-69845-0
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-69845-0
AB - Expansion in renewable energy resources and transitioning to low-carbon power systems lead to advanced frequency control methods that include efficient, stable, and sustainable platforms. This work proposes Hydrogen-integrated Adaptive Load Frequency Control (ALFC) for operation both on-grid and islanded power systems. It integrates hydrogen fuel cells, electrolyzers, and H2EV aggregators for a single adaptive control structure to enhance dynamic frequency regulation and optimize resource utilization of hydrogen. A linearized state-space model is formulated for system stability, under which pole-dominance is explored through eigenvalue analysis. All dominant poles are in the left half of the complex plane, meaning that it is asymptotically stable under both modes. Lyapunov is further applied, acknowledging global asymptotic and Bounded Input Bounded Output Stability (BIBO) for nonlinear stability. Experimental performance validation revealed significant enhancement relative to classical LFC systems, with respective 59%, 61%, and 51% reductions in ITAE, ISE, and RMSE. This suggests a quick settling time and minimizes oscillating behaviors. Sensitivity analysis is conducted for uncertainties in the parameters with respect to governor dynamics, fuel cell gain variability in the hydrogen source, EV participation fluctuations, and load disturbances to guarantee its robust control performance without any stability degradation. Energy utilization efficiency is close to 84% in the two modes of operation and looks even more promising with a decrease in hydrogen scheduling of almost 23%. These results prove the robust as well as efficiency impacts of ALFC integrated with hydrogen, thus improving the stability characterized by enhancing frequency stability, robustness, and hydrogen optimization for sustainable grid operation. Therefore, it is a promising adaptive solution to future renewable-dominated smart-power systems.
SN - 2045-2322
ER -