Cuscuton Fifth Force: Implications of Non-Dynamical Scalars for Structure Growth
Abstract
The cuscuton is a scalar field that obeys a constraint rather than an evolution equation, so it modifies gravity without adding a propagating scalar degree of freedom. We study the cosmology of effective cuscuton theory when matter is minimally coupled in the Jordan frame, and therefore conformally coupled to the cuscuton in the Einstein-frame. We derive the background and linear perturbation equations and show that the algebraic cuscuton response mediates a fifth force even though the scalar itself does not propagate. The same conformal factor also changes Einstein-frame particle masses and the friction of matter perturbations, tying the strength and sign of the force to the background evolution rather than to an independent coupling. We study a power-law family of models which contain both tracking solutions and sign-switching solutions; in the latter the effective cuscuton density runs from negative during matter domination to a positive, cosmological-constant-like value today. Using a modified version of CLASS, including the induced particle-mass dependence of recombination, we illustrate the corresponding changes to CMB temperature and linear matter power spectra for benchmark models, without fitting to data. In the strongest benchmarks the fifth force changes the effective gravitational coupling on sub-horizon scales by about one percent, smaller than the accompanying changes to the matter power spectrum and the acoustic scale. For the sign-switching solutions this change is negative over most of cosmic history, so a non-propagating field can weaken rather than strengthen gravitational attraction.
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BibTeX
@misc{smith2026cuscuton,
title = {{Cuscuton Fifth Force: Implications of Non-Dynamical Scalars for Structure Growth}},
author = {Adam Smith and Ilaria Andrei and Maria Mylova and Niayesh Afshordi},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.01228},
eprint = {2611.01228},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.01228},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Cuscuton Fifth Force: Implications of Non-Dynamical Scalars for Structure Growth
AU - Adam Smith
AU - Ilaria Andrei
AU - Maria Mylova
AU - Niayesh Afshordi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.01228
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.01228
AB - The cuscuton is a scalar field that obeys a constraint rather than an evolution equation, so it modifies gravity without adding a propagating scalar degree of freedom. We study the cosmology of effective cuscuton theory when matter is minimally coupled in the Jordan frame, and therefore conformally coupled to the cuscuton in the Einstein-frame. We derive the background and linear perturbation equations and show that the algebraic cuscuton response mediates a fifth force even though the scalar itself does not propagate. The same conformal factor also changes Einstein-frame particle masses and the friction of matter perturbations, tying the strength and sign of the force to the background evolution rather than to an independent coupling. We study a power-law family of models which contain both tracking solutions and sign-switching solutions; in the latter the effective cuscuton density runs from negative during matter domination to a positive, cosmological-constant-like value today. Using a modified version of CLASS, including the induced particle-mass dependence of recombination, we illustrate the corresponding changes to CMB temperature and linear matter power spectra for benchmark models, without fitting to data. In the strongest benchmarks the fifth force changes the effective gravitational coupling on sub-horizon scales by about one percent, smaller than the accompanying changes to the matter power spectrum and the acoustic scale. For the sign-switching solutions this change is negative over most of cosmic history, so a non-propagating field can weaken rather than strengthen gravitational attraction.
ER -