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Peer-reviewedCC BYACS measurement science au

Spark-Engineered Microelectrode Arrays from Disposable Screen-Printed Macroelectrodes.

  • Thanawath Tuntiwongmetee1,2,3
  • Stéphane Jeanneret1
  • Andrea Nonis1
  • Thomas Cherubini1
  • Yupu Zhang1
  • Apon Numnuam2,3
  • Suntisak Khumngern2,3
  • Eric Bakker1
  1. 1Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
  2. 2Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
  3. 3Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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Abstract

A computer numerical control (CNC)-guided spark-assisted localized microelectrode patterning is used for the first time for the programmable fabrication of electrodes exhibiting microelectrode behavior with high spatial precision. A graphite wire serves as a spark probe to locally modify a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) overcoated with an insulating polydopamine (PDA) layer formed via electropolymerization. Localized spark discharge can be precisely positioned with three-dimensional (X, Y, and Z axis) CNC control and executed at a rate of ∼1 s per point, giving reproducible patterning of microscale features. While the PDA film effectively suppresses electron transfer, the spark treatment restores electrochemical activity only at predefined microscale positions. The sparked electrodes exhibit increased redox peak currents in cyclic voltammetry and reduced charge-transfer resistance in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Chronoamperometric measurements confirm a transition from Cottrellian behavior (unmodified SPCE) to a stable steady-state current (sparked microelectrode), confirming radial diffusion at the exposed micro-openings to the underlying electrode. Combined with precise spatial control, the fabrication of microelectrode arrays with tunable site density is demonstrated, resulting in amplified Faradaic responses and enhanced analytical sensitivity. This approach offers strong potential for advanced electrochemical sensing applications.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{tuntiwongmetee2026sparkengineered,
  title = {{Spark-Engineered Microelectrode Arrays from Disposable Screen-Printed Macroelectrodes.}},
  author = {Thanawath Tuntiwongmetee and Stéphane Jeanneret and Andrea Nonis and Thomas Cherubini and Yupu Zhang and Apon Numnuam and Suntisak Khumngern and Eric Bakker},
  journal = {ACS measurement science au},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.6c00191},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921158},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Spark-Engineered Microelectrode Arrays from Disposable Screen-Printed Macroelectrodes.
AU  - Thanawath Tuntiwongmetee
AU  - Stéphane Jeanneret
AU  - Andrea Nonis
AU  - Thomas Cherubini
AU  - Yupu Zhang
AU  - Apon Numnuam
AU  - Suntisak Khumngern
AU  - Eric Bakker
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/11
JO  - ACS measurement science au
DO  - 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.6c00191
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921158
AB  - A computer numerical control (CNC)-guided spark-assisted localized microelectrode patterning is used for the first time for the programmable fabrication of electrodes exhibiting microelectrode behavior with high spatial precision. A graphite wire serves as a spark probe to locally modify a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) overcoated with an insulating polydopamine (PDA) layer formed via electropolymerization. Localized spark discharge can be precisely positioned with three-dimensional (X, Y, and Z axis) CNC control and executed at a rate of ∼1 s per point, giving reproducible patterning of microscale features. While the PDA film effectively suppresses electron transfer, the spark treatment restores electrochemical activity only at predefined microscale positions. The sparked electrodes exhibit increased redox peak currents in cyclic voltammetry and reduced charge-transfer resistance in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Chronoamperometric measurements confirm a transition from Cottrellian behavior (unmodified SPCE) to a stable steady-state current (sparked microelectrode), confirming radial diffusion at the exposed micro-openings to the underlying electrode. Combined with precise spatial control, the fabrication of microelectrode arrays with tunable site density is demonstrated, resulting in amplified Faradaic responses and enhanced analytical sensitivity. This approach offers strong potential for advanced electrochemical sensing applications.
SN  - 2694-250X
ER  -