Probing the classical complexity of quantum dynamics experiments
Abstract
A confluence of recent works has shown that many quantum circuits and dynamics are efficiently simulable by classical algorithms that track local information, even when conventional complexity measures such as the entanglement and magic are high. Here, we introduce a novel measure of complexity, the reactivity, to capture this new method of classical attack. Unlike conventional complexity measures, the reactivity does not capture a property of a quantum state or operator in isolation, but rather a quantum experiment as a whole. We provide numerical and rigorous evidence that quantum experiments with low reactivity are simple by a host of measures: they are efficient to classically simulate, learn, and fast-forward. This motivates the search for quantum experiments with high reactivity, which may evade these simplistic features. To this end, we introduce easily implementable experimental protocols---dubbed Pauli path spectroscopy---that allow one to efficiently measure the reactivity of any quantum experiment of interest. Our protocols are applicable even when the experiment itself is beyond the reach of classical simulation.
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BibTeX
@misc{schuster2026probing,
title = {{Probing the classical complexity of quantum dynamics experiments}},
author = {Thomas Schuster and Andreas Elben},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.31830},
eprint = {2609.31830},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.31830},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Probing the classical complexity of quantum dynamics experiments
AU - Thomas Schuster
AU - Andreas Elben
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/25
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.31830
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.31830
AB - A confluence of recent works has shown that many quantum circuits and dynamics are efficiently simulable by classical algorithms that track local information, even when conventional complexity measures such as the entanglement and magic are high. Here, we introduce a novel measure of complexity, the reactivity, to capture this new method of classical attack. Unlike conventional complexity measures, the reactivity does not capture a property of a quantum state or operator in isolation, but rather a quantum experiment as a whole. We provide numerical and rigorous evidence that quantum experiments with low reactivity are simple by a host of measures: they are efficient to classically simulate, learn, and fast-forward. This motivates the search for quantum experiments with high reactivity, which may evade these simplistic features. To this end, we introduce easily implementable experimental protocols---dubbed Pauli path spectroscopy---that allow one to efficiently measure the reactivity of any quantum experiment of interest. Our protocols are applicable even when the experiment itself is beyond the reach of classical simulation.
ER -