YOD1 stabilizes HIV-1 Nef via K6-linked deubiquitination to promote viral infectivity and impair immune recovery
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Suzhou
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University
- 3Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Suzhou
- 4Department of Urology Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University
- 5Department of Tuberculosis, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Suzhou
Abstract
Background: Immune non-response to antiretroviral therapy remains a major challenge in HIV-1 management, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood.
Methods: In this study, we performed comparative quantitative proteomics on samples from immunonon-responsive (INR) and immune-responsive (IR) individuals, identifying the deubiquitinase YOD1 as one of the most significantly upregulated proteins in INR patients, accompanied by hyperactivation of ubiquitin‑proteasome pathways.
Results: Through immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, we found that YOD1 associates with the HIV-1 Nef protein, a key viral factor that subverts host immunity. Mechanistically, YOD1 specifically removes K6‑linked polyubiquitin chains from Nef via its catalytic cysteine residue (C155S), thereby preventing proteasomal degradation and dose‑dependently stabilizing Nef protein levels without affecting its transcription. This regulation was selective for Nef, as YOD1 did not alter other HIV‑1 proteins (gp120, Vif, or Tat). In HIV‑1‑infected THP‑1 macrophages and clinical PBMCs from people living with HIV, YOD1 expression correlated positively with Nef levels and viral load; knockdown or catalytic inactivation of YOD1 markedly increased Nef ubiquitination, reduced p24 antigen secretion, and suppressed virus production. Importantly, screening of nutritional compounds revealed that Vitamin C (VC) promotes YOD1 degradation via the ubiquitin‑proteasome pathway, leading to downregulation of Nef, inhibition of HIV‑1 replication, and restoration of CD4+ T‑cell counts. These antiviral and immune‑restorative effects of VC were completely abrogated upon YOD1 depletion, confirming their dependency on YOD1 targeting.
Conclusion: Collectively, our findings establish YOD1 as a critical host factor that sustains HIV‑1 Nef stability and viral infectivity through K6‑linked deubiquitination, and they identify Vitamin C as a clinically accessible agent that degrades YOD1, offering a potential adjuvant strategy to improve immune recovery in non‑responding patients.
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BibTeX
@article{liu2026yod1,
title = {{YOD1 stabilizes HIV-1 Nef via K6-linked deubiquitination to promote viral infectivity and impair immune recovery}},
author = {Jin Liu and Qian Xu and Yu Jiang and Zhouzhou Zhang and Guiyan Li and Minyan Yao and Tiantian Gan and Yiming Zheng and Yujuan Yan and Yueping Zhu and Saihong Gu and Ming Li and Li Zhu and Jianping Zhang and Chuanwu Zhu and Feng Qian},
journal = {Frontiers in Immunology},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936616},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936616/full},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - YOD1 stabilizes HIV-1 Nef via K6-linked deubiquitination to promote viral infectivity and impair immune recovery
AU - Jin Liu
AU - Qian Xu
AU - Yu Jiang
AU - Zhouzhou Zhang
AU - Guiyan Li
AU - Minyan Yao
AU - Tiantian Gan
AU - Yiming Zheng
AU - Yujuan Yan
AU - Yueping Zhu
AU - Saihong Gu
AU - Ming Li
AU - Li Zhu
AU - Jianping Zhang
AU - Chuanwu Zhu
AU - Feng Qian
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/23
JO - Frontiers in Immunology
DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936616
UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936616/full
AB - Background: Immune non-response to antiretroviral therapy remains a major challenge in HIV-1 management, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Methods: In this study, we performed comparative quantitative proteomics on samples from immunonon-responsive (INR) and immune-responsive (IR) individuals, identifying the deubiquitinase YOD1 as one of the most significantly upregulated proteins in INR patients, accompanied by hyperactivation of ubiquitin‑proteasome pathways. Results: Through immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, we found that YOD1 associates with the HIV-1 Nef protein, a key viral factor that subverts host immunity. Mechanistically, YOD1 specifically removes K6‑linked polyubiquitin chains from Nef via its catalytic cysteine residue (C155S), thereby preventing proteasomal degradation and dose‑dependently stabilizing Nef protein levels without affecting its transcription. This regulation was selective for Nef, as YOD1 did not alter other HIV‑1 proteins (gp120, Vif, or Tat). In HIV‑1‑infected THP‑1 macrophages and clinical PBMCs from people living with HIV, YOD1 expression correlated positively with Nef levels and viral load; knockdown or catalytic inactivation of YOD1 markedly increased Nef ubiquitination, reduced p24 antigen secretion, and suppressed virus production. Importantly, screening of nutritional compounds revealed that Vitamin C (VC) promotes YOD1 degradation via the ubiquitin‑proteasome pathway, leading to downregulation of Nef, inhibition of HIV‑1 replication, and restoration of CD4+ T‑cell counts. These antiviral and immune‑restorative effects of VC were completely abrogated upon YOD1 depletion, confirming their dependency on YOD1 targeting. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings establish YOD1 as a critical host factor that sustains HIV‑1 Nef stability and viral infectivity through K6‑linked deubiquitination, and they identify Vitamin C as a clinically accessible agent that degrades YOD1, offering a potential adjuvant strategy to improve immune recovery in non‑responding patients.
SN - 1664-3224
ER -