From Graphitized Coke Waste to Aminated Graphene Oxide: Enhancing Reactive Oxygen Functionalities Through Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Pretreatment
- 1Laboratorio Nacional de Materiales Grafénicos, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25117, Coahuila, Mexico
- 2Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono INCAR-CSIC, C/Francisco Pintado FE, 26, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- 3Centro de Investigación en Geociencias Aplicadas, Nueva Rosita 26830, Coahuila, Mexico
Abstract
The conversion of industrial carbon wastes into functionalized graphene materials represents an attractive strategy for the sustainable production of advanced carbon nanomaterials. In this work, a graphitized coke-like waste generated during metallurgical coke production was evaluated as a precursor for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) and amine-functionalized graphene oxide, using a commercial synthetic graphite as a reference material. Prior to oxidation, both graphites were subjected to a mild aqueous liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) treatment employing water as the sole processing medium. Graphene oxides were subsequently prepared using a modified Hummers method and functionalized with n-octylamine through an ultrasound-assisted reaction. X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful conversion of both graphitic precursors into graphene oxide through the appearance of the characteristic (001) reflection at approximately 10–11° (2θ). Structural characterization revealed that the LPE treatment promoted partial delamination of the graphitic crystallites while preserving graphitic crystallinity. FTIR and thermogravimetric analyses indicated that LPE modified the distribution and accessibility of oxygen-containing functionalities generated during oxidation. After amination, the LPE-derived materials exhibited more pronounced spectroscopic and thermal changes, suggesting a greater participation of reactive oxygen-containing groups during functionalization. The results demonstrate that graphitized coke waste can be transformed into graphene oxide and nitrogen-functionalized graphene materials with characteristics comparable to those obtained from commercial graphite, providing a simple and sustainable route for the valorization of industrial carbon residues into value-added graphene-based material.
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BibTeX
@article{orta2026from,
title = {{From Graphitized Coke Waste to Aminated Graphene Oxide: Enhancing Reactive Oxygen Functionalities Through Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Pretreatment}},
author = {Maiby Valle Orta and Edgar Cuara and Alfonso Mercado and Enrique Díaz Barriga Castro and Pablo González Morones and Marcos Granda and Diego Martínez and Patricia Álvarez and Uriel Sierra},
journal = {Nanomaterials},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.3390/nano16211434},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1434},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - From Graphitized Coke Waste to Aminated Graphene Oxide: Enhancing Reactive Oxygen Functionalities Through Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Pretreatment
AU - Maiby Valle Orta
AU - Edgar Cuara
AU - Alfonso Mercado
AU - Enrique Díaz Barriga Castro
AU - Pablo González Morones
AU - Marcos Granda
AU - Diego Martínez
AU - Patricia Álvarez
AU - Uriel Sierra
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/06
JO - Nanomaterials
DO - 10.3390/nano16211434
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1434
AB - The conversion of industrial carbon wastes into functionalized graphene materials represents an attractive strategy for the sustainable production of advanced carbon nanomaterials. In this work, a graphitized coke-like waste generated during metallurgical coke production was evaluated as a precursor for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) and amine-functionalized graphene oxide, using a commercial synthetic graphite as a reference material. Prior to oxidation, both graphites were subjected to a mild aqueous liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) treatment employing water as the sole processing medium. Graphene oxides were subsequently prepared using a modified Hummers method and functionalized with n-octylamine through an ultrasound-assisted reaction. X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful conversion of both graphitic precursors into graphene oxide through the appearance of the characteristic (001) reflection at approximately 10–11° (2θ). Structural characterization revealed that the LPE treatment promoted partial delamination of the graphitic crystallites while preserving graphitic crystallinity. FTIR and thermogravimetric analyses indicated that LPE modified the distribution and accessibility of oxygen-containing functionalities generated during oxidation. After amination, the LPE-derived materials exhibited more pronounced spectroscopic and thermal changes, suggesting a greater participation of reactive oxygen-containing groups during functionalization. The results demonstrate that graphitized coke waste can be transformed into graphene oxide and nitrogen-functionalized graphene materials with characteristics comparable to those obtained from commercial graphite, providing a simple and sustainable route for the valorization of industrial carbon residues into value-added graphene-based material.
SN - 2079-4991
ER -