Stable and efficient covariance estimation for sample L-moments using Hájek projections
Abstract
L-moments are useful summary statistics and are widely used in statistical analysis. The joint covariance matrix of sample L-moments not only describes their sampling uncertainty but is also needed for covariance-weighted distances and related statistical procedures. An exact unbiased covariance estimator is already available. However, in our previous applications, this estimator sometimes produced singular or indefinite covariance matrices. Such matrices cause problems when matrix inversion is required. The present paper addresses this difficulty. We examine standard positive-definite corrections and two covariance estimators based on leave-one-out sample L-moments: the delete-one jackknife estimator and an estimator based on the Hájek projection. Both are positive semidefinite by construction. Simulation results show that the projection estimator generally has smaller estimation error and better numerical stability than the exact unbiased estimator. The jackknife estimator overestimates the variances of higher-order sample L-moments and has larger estimation error than the projection estimator. We also develop fast rank-prefix algorithms for the three covariance estimators considered. These algorithms substantially reduce computation time.
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BibTeX
@misc{park2026stable,
title = {{Stable and efficient covariance estimation for sample L-moments using Hájek projections}},
author = {Jihong Park and Palakorn Seenoi and Jeong-Soo Park},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.41640},
eprint = {2610.41640},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41640},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Stable and efficient covariance estimation for sample L-moments using Hájek projections
AU - Jihong Park
AU - Palakorn Seenoi
AU - Jeong-Soo Park
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.41640
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41640
AB - L-moments are useful summary statistics and are widely used in statistical analysis. The joint covariance matrix of sample L-moments not only describes their sampling uncertainty but is also needed for covariance-weighted distances and related statistical procedures. An exact unbiased covariance estimator is already available. However, in our previous applications, this estimator sometimes produced singular or indefinite covariance matrices. Such matrices cause problems when matrix inversion is required. The present paper addresses this difficulty. We examine standard positive-definite corrections and two covariance estimators based on leave-one-out sample L-moments: the delete-one jackknife estimator and an estimator based on the Hájek projection. Both are positive semidefinite by construction. Simulation results show that the projection estimator generally has smaller estimation error and better numerical stability than the exact unbiased estimator. The jackknife estimator overestimates the variances of higher-order sample L-moments and has larger estimation error than the projection estimator. We also develop fast rank-prefix algorithms for the three covariance estimators considered. These algorithms substantially reduce computation time.
ER -