Zeptojoule Microwave Calorimetry with Nanosecond Recovery in Graphene
Abstract
Graphene calorimeters are predicted to combine extreme energy sensitivity with rapid thermal recovery, yet experiments remain far from ideal estimates. Here, we directly calibrate a graphene Josephson-junction microwave calorimeter using nanosecond pulses and independently determine the thermal parameters of the same operating device. At 110 mK, calibrated pulse measurements yield a characteristic switching-energy scale of 18.1 meV (2.90 zJ), while time-resolved two-pulse thermometry gives an intrinsic relaxation time of 19.5 ns. Pulse-width-dependent calorimetry and bolometric thermometry show that the electronic heat capacity is 12.4 times and the electron-phonon coupling is approximately 50 times larger than ideal estimates. A thermal model using these measured parameters predicts 21.2 meV, quantitatively reproducing the observed switching response. These results identify the microscopic origin of the sensitivity gap in graphene calorimeters and establish a self-consistent calibration framework for ultrafast nanoscale thermal detectors.
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BibTeX
@misc{lee2026zeptojoule,
title = {{Zeptojoule Microwave Calorimetry with Nanosecond Recovery in Graphene}},
author = {Seunghan Lee and Woochan Jung and Jayeon Kim and Dongsung T. Park and Seong Jang and Seongeun Jeon and Kenji Watanabe and Takashi Taniguchi and Jong-Chul Park and Philip Kim and Kin Chung Fong and Gil-Ho Lee},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.33414},
eprint = {2610.33414},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33414},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Zeptojoule Microwave Calorimetry with Nanosecond Recovery in Graphene
AU - Seunghan Lee
AU - Woochan Jung
AU - Jayeon Kim
AU - Dongsung T. Park
AU - Seong Jang
AU - Seongeun Jeon
AU - Kenji Watanabe
AU - Takashi Taniguchi
AU - Jong-Chul Park
AU - Philip Kim
AU - Kin Chung Fong
AU - Gil-Ho Lee
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/24
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.33414
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33414
AB - Graphene calorimeters are predicted to combine extreme energy sensitivity with rapid thermal recovery, yet experiments remain far from ideal estimates. Here, we directly calibrate a graphene Josephson-junction microwave calorimeter using nanosecond pulses and independently determine the thermal parameters of the same operating device. At 110 mK, calibrated pulse measurements yield a characteristic switching-energy scale of 18.1 meV (2.90 zJ), while time-resolved two-pulse thermometry gives an intrinsic relaxation time of 19.5 ns. Pulse-width-dependent calorimetry and bolometric thermometry show that the electronic heat capacity is 12.4 times and the electron-phonon coupling is approximately 50 times larger than ideal estimates. A thermal model using these measured parameters predicts 21.2 meV, quantitatively reproducing the observed switching response. These results identify the microscopic origin of the sensitivity gap in graphene calorimeters and establish a self-consistent calibration framework for ultrafast nanoscale thermal detectors.
ER -