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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Immunology

Sexual dimorphism in the immune response in cardiovascular disease

  • Mario Schubert
  • Friederike Lohse
  • Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a collective term for inflammatory pathologies including coronary artery disease and heart failure. Although sex-based differences in prevalence, progression and manifestation of CVD are well-established—mainly linked to hormonal status and Y-chromosome mosaicism—the exact role of the immune system in sexual dimorphism in CVD remains elusive. Immune responses differ in males and females and are primarily dictated by sex steroids and X-linked gene expression. Given the critical role of the immune system in CVD pathogenesis, we address the question, to what extent do these sexually dimorphic immune responses underpin the sex differences observed in CVD.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{schubert2026sexual,
  title = {{Sexual dimorphism in the immune response in cardiovascular disease}},
  author = {Mario Schubert and Friederike Lohse and Vasileia Ismini Alexaki},
  journal = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2026.2001502},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.2001502},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Sexual dimorphism in the immune response in cardiovascular disease
AU  - Mario Schubert
AU  - Friederike Lohse
AU  - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/30
JO  - Frontiers in Immunology
DO  - 10.3389/fimmu.2026.2001502
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.2001502
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a collective term for inflammatory pathologies including coronary artery disease and heart failure. Although sex-based differences in prevalence, progression and manifestation of CVD are well-established—mainly linked to hormonal status and Y-chromosome mosaicism—the exact role of the immune system in sexual dimorphism in CVD remains elusive. Immune responses differ in males and females and are primarily dictated by sex steroids and X-linked gene expression. Given the critical role of the immune system in CVD pathogenesis, we address the question, to what extent do these sexually dimorphic immune responses underpin the sex differences observed in CVD.
SN  - 1664-3224
ER  -